Glossary
- Page ID
- 294731
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Word(s) |
Definition |
|---|---|
| Ableism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of disabled people |
| Achievement gap | A significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between social groups |
| Action research | Research methods that pursue both research or knowledge and action or change |
| Activism | Action taken for a cause to bring about (or oppose) social change, central to social movements |
| Addiction | A disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences |
| Adult literacy | When individuals aged 15 and older can read and write a simple sentence |
| Affirmative action | A set of policies and practices designed to promote equal opportunity, particularly for women and people of color in the institutions of work and education |
| Ageism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of older and elderly people |
| Agency | The capacity to make decisions and to take action |
| Antiracism | Actions to dismantle and prevent racist policies and ideas that produce and normalize racial inequities |
| Belonging | A feeling of deep connection with social groups, physical places, and individual and collective experiences |
| Breadwinner/homemaker model | A model of the nuclear family in which the father/husband engages in paid work and the mother/wife engages in unpaid domestic work |
| Bullying | Ongoing and intentional physical, verbal, social, or online attacks and harassment of one student by another student or group of students |
| Capitalism | An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned with the goal of individual profit |
| Casualties | Injuries or deaths (as a result of conflict, war, or terrorism) |
| Child abuse | A category of violence involving physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or neglect against children |
| Child labor | Work conducted by children such that it disrupts their cognitive or physical development or educational trajectory |
| Chosen family | A deliberately chosen group of people that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system |
| Cissexism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of transgender and nonbinary people |
| Civilian labor force | All noninstitutionalized civilians aged 16 years or older who work for pay or are looking for work |
| Classism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of poor and working-class people |
| Climate change | The long-term shift in global and regional temperatures, humidity and rainfall patterns, and other atmospheric characteristics |
| Climigration | The act of people relocating to areas less devastated by the forces of climate change |
| Collective action | The actions taken by a group of people acting based on a collective decision |
| Community cultural wealth | The interdependent forms of knowledge, skills, abilities, and networks among communities of color to survive and resist racism and subordination |
| Conflict theory | A sociological theoretical perspective that focuses on social inequalities and power |
| Conspicuous consumption | The purchase of expensive luxury goods or services to display one’s wealth and status |
| Constructionist approach | An approach to social problems that focuses on the process of why and how a social condition becomes a social problem |
| Cost-burdened household | Households that spend more than 30% of their income on their rent or mortgage and other housing costs |
| Credential society | A society that emphasizes and requires educational credentials such as a college degree |
| Criminalization | The process by which an act is made illegal or by which a social group is deemed criminal |
| Critical race theory | A theoretical perspective that focuses on how racism is embedded in social institutions, rather than only in individual behavior |
| Cultural assimilation | The process of members in a subordinate group adopting cultural aspects of a dominant group |
| Cultural imperialism | The loss of local culture as the dominant culture imposes their own values, ideologies, traditions, and styles on less powerful cultures |
| Culture | The shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices within a large social group |
| De facto segregation | Segregation by fact (in reality) |
| De jure segregation | Segregation mandated by law |
| Decriminalization | The process of reducing penalties for possession or use of small amounts of drugs |
| Democratic socialism | An economic system that combines elements of capitalism and socialism |
| Deunionization | A process involving the decline in the strength of unions |
| Digital divide | The uneven access to media and technology among different social groups |
| Digital tribalism | The tendency to reinforce a group's ideas and ideologies online out of a strong sense of loyalty |
| Double-discrimination | The experience of discrimination from both of one's communities, particularly among multiracial people |
| Economic inequality | The economic difference between the rich and the poor; measured by income and wealth |
| Economy | A social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of a society’s goods and services |
| Education | A social institution that teaches knowledge, skills, and norms necessary to become productive members of society |
| Educational attainment |
How much education an individual or social group achieves |
| Educational debt | The cumulative impact of fewer resources and other harms directed at students of color |
| Elder abuse | A category of violence involving physical, sexual, emotional, or financial abuse or neglect against elder relatives |
| Employee theft | A category of crime involving pilferage (stealing goods) or embezzlement (stealing money) at the hand of employees |
| Environmental injustice | An environmental policy or practice that disadvantages people or communities of marginalized groups |
| Environmental justice movement | A social movement dedicated to fighting against environmental injustice within marginalized communities and across the world |
| Environmental racism | An environmental policy or practice that disadvantages people or communities of color |
| Equity | A state in which everyone has what they need to succeed |
| Expulsion | When one group expels another group out of their home or homeland and into a different space |
| Family | A social institution and group of people related by blood, marriage, adoption, or a mutual commitment of care |
| Feminism | The belief that there should be gender equality in economic, political, and social life |
| Feminist movements | A set of social movements dedicated to fighting against gender inequities and their consequences |
| Feminist theory | A theoretical perspective that focuses on women's systematic oppression and other oppression more broadly |
| Feminization of poverty | The higher rate of poverty among women |
| Food insecurity | The state of being unable to acquire enough food to meet the needs of all household members |
| Gatekeeping | The process by which media messages are shaped for consumption and reduced to a manageable amount |
| Gender pay gap | The gap in earnings between women and men workers |
| Gendered division of labor | The disparity between women and men in time in domestic work |
| Gendered glass ceiling | An invisible barrier in the workplace beyond which women cannot advance |
| Gendered occupational segregation | The sorting of women and men into different jobs |
| Genocide | The systematic and widespread extermination of a cultural, ethnic, political, racial, or religious group |
| Gentrification | The process by which investors, corporations, and affluent individuals move into neighborhoods, displacing the people who live there |
| Global warming | The increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface |
| Globalization | The increasing political, economic, and social interconnectedness of the world |
| Greenhouse effect | An imbalance between the energy entering and leaving the earth’s atmosphere, resulting in a rise in average global temperature |
| Harm reduction | A set of practical strategies and ideas and a social movement aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use |
| Harmful drug use | Drug use that negatively impacts a person’s health, work, family, or other important life aspects |
| Health | A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| Health disparities | Preventable differences in health outcomes or access to healthcare across different social groups |
| Hegemonic masculinity | The most valued form of masculinity in US culture which emphasizes dominance and aggression |
| Hegemonic media | Media produced or manipulated by a dominant group to impose its worldview |
| Heteronormativity | An assumption that organizes social life in which heterosexuality is deemed 'normal' and binary gender roles are deemed 'natural' |
| Heteropatriarchy | A social system designed to reinforce the dominance of heterosexual cisgender men and oppression of women and queer people |
| Heterosexism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of LGBQ+ people |
| Hidden curriculum | A set of values, beliefs, and skills taught in school outside the formal curriculum that reinforces social hierarchies |
| Homophobia | The irrational fear of or prejudice against individuals who are or are perceived to be LGBQ+ |
| Houselessness | The condition of not having a place to live |
| Housing insecurity | The state of being unable to acquire secure housing; a broad set of challenges related to housing |
| Immigration | The movement of individuals to a new country with the intent of long-term residence there |
| Immigration industrial complex | The confluence of public and private sector interests in the criminalization of immigration |
| Imperialism | The use of military power and other means to extend a nation’s influence and control over other nations |
| Indigenous frameworks | An alternative framework to mainstream Western science that emphasizes knowledge through mind, body, emotion, spirit, and/or ties to land |
| Individual discrimination | The denial of rights, privileges, or opportunities to members of a group at the hands of an individual person |
| Institutional discrimination | The patterned denial of rights, privileges, and opportunities to members of a group within social institutions |
| Interdependence | The idea that people rely on each other to survive and thrive |
| Interdependent power | The power of participation, or non-participation, of the masses |
| Interpretive framework | A research approach that involves detailed understanding of the subject through observation or listening to people’s stories |
| Intersectionality | The idea that overlapping social identities produce unique inequities; a framework to analyze how systems of power interact |
| Intimate partner violence | A category of violence involving physical and/or emotional abuse among intimate or dating partners |
| Latent function | An unintended function or outcome (of a social institution) that is at times less obvious or not ideal |
| Learning poverty | When children are unable to read and understand simple text by the age of 10 years |
| Legalization | The process of making the possession and use of a drug legal |
| Macro-level analysis | Analysis that examines larger social systems and structures |
| Manifest function | A primary function (of a social institution) that is intentional and recognizable |
| Marginalization | A process of social exclusion in which groups are denied economic and political power |
| Maternal mortality | An indicator of health outcomes that measures deaths of people who die during childbirth |
| Media | A social institution that produces and distributes information and entertainment to the population through several mediums |
| Media consolidation | A process in which fewer and fewer owners control the majority of media outlets |
| Medical model of disability | A model of disability based on individual pathology or abnormality that considers the disability a problem to be treated |
| Medicalization | The process by which conditions and behaviors are transformed into a medical problem |
| Medicine | The social institution that seeks to prevent, diagnose, and treat illness and to promote health |
| Mental health | A state of mind characterized by emotional well-being, freedom from disabling symptoms, and other characteristics |
| Mental illness | A wide range of mental health conditions and disorders that affect mood, thinking, and behavior |
| Micro-level analysis | Analysis that examines social interactions and individual understandings |
| Militarism | A set of government and industry practices that prioritize military capability, highlight organized violence, and encroach upon social relations and needs |
| Military industrial complex | The network of government and private industries driven by profit motives that influences policy, defense spending, and governmental operations |
| Mortality | An indicator of health outcomes that measures death |
| Nativism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of immigrants; an intense opposition to a foreign group seen as a national threat |
| Net neutrality | The principle that all Internet data should be treated equally by service providers |
| New Jim Crow | The newest form of racialized social control in which criminalization results in discrimination and disenfranchisement of Black people |
| Nuclear family | A family comprised of two married parents (typically a mom and dad) and their biological children, considered the ideal family |
| Objectivist approach | An approach to social problems that focuses on measurable characteristics |
| Offshoring | A process involving US factories shutting down and moving overseas |
| Opioid crisis | The surge in opioid use and fatal overdoses linked to opioid use |
| Organized crime | A category of crime involving groups or organizations whose major purpose is to commit criminal acts |
| Outsourcing | A process involving US companies hiring workers overseas for jobs that US workers used to do |
| Patriarchy | A structural system that positions (white) men and masculinity above all others |
| Planned obsolescence | The business practice of planning for a product to eventually be obsolete or unusable |
| Poverty | The state of lacking the material and social resources required to live a healthy life |
| Power | The ability to sway the actions of others, even against resistance |
| Power elite | Highly-networked and wealthy individuals in top government, military, and corporate positions |
| Prejudice | A set of negative attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about whole social groups |
| Prison industrial complex | The ties between mass incarceration and capitalism, slavery, and social control |
| Privilege | The systematic, unearned advantages exclusive to people in the dominant group |
| Property crime | A category of crime involving property such as burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson |
| Protest | A public expression of objection, disapproval, or dissent towards an idea or action, central to social movements |
| Psychosocial model of mental illness | An approach to mental illness that focuses on how individuals interact with and adapt to their environment |
| Qualitative research | Research involving non-numerical descriptive data |
| Quantitative research | Research involving numerical data |
| Queer theory | A theoretical perspective that focuses on how Western culture teaches individuals to think about sexuality and gender in rigid ways despite that they are fluid and flexible |
| Racial formation theory | A theoretical perspective that focuses on race as an ongoing, ever-evolving construction with historical and cultural roots |
| Racial justice movements | A set of social movements dedicated to fighting against racial inequities and their consequences |
| Racial residential segregation | The separation of neighborhoods by race |
| Racial trauma | The physical and psychological symptoms that people of color may experience after being exposed to stressful instances of racism |
| Racial wealth gap | The discrepancy in wealth between racial groups, particularly between white and Black or Latinx families |
| Racism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of people of color |
| Reactionary movement | A type of social movement that seeks to block social change or to reverse existing social change |
| Redlining | The practice of refusing loans to applicants in neighborhoods that banks deem risky, in which risk is coded by race |
| Reference groups | Comparison groups that influence our self-concept, by which we judge ourselves |
| Reform movement | A type of social movement that seeks limited but significant changes in some aspect of a nation’s political, economic, or social systems |
| Reproductive justice | A framework that centers the human right to have children, to not have children, and to parent children in safe and healthy environments |
| Reproductive justice movement | The social movement dedicated to addressing reproductive health inequities that uses the reproductive justice framework |
| Research methods | The ways in which scientists collect, analyze, and understand research information |
| Resources deserts | Neighborhoods or areas lacking critical amenities such as food, health care, or transportation |
| Revolutionary movement | A type of social movement that seeks to overthrow existing social institutions or systems to bring about a new way of life |
| Role strain | Difficulty or stress caused by high demands placed on an individual performing a specific role |
| School choice | A practice that offers primarily low-income urban children the use of public funds to attend a school different from their neighborhood school |
| Scientific method | A research process involving asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing a data collection method, gathering data, and drawing conclusions |
| Second shift | A shift of unpaid work after coming home from a shift of paid work |
| Segregation | The physical and social separation of social groups, in residence, social institutions, and other social spaces |
| Settler colonialism | A system that normalizes the continuous settler occupation of Indigenous lands and exploitation of Indigenous resources |
| Sexism | The systemic, institutionalized oppression of women |
| Sick role | Patterns of expectations that define appropriate behavior for the sick and those who care for them |
| Single-payer system | A government-funded health care or health insurance system that would cover all citizens |
| Social capital | The beneficial social networks or connections that an individual has available to them due to group membership |
| Social change | Large-scale changes across the structure or culture of society |
| Social construction of illness | The idea that there is no objective reality regarding health and illness, only our own and others' perceptions of reality |
| Social control | Efforts to control the population through formal or informal measures |
| Social determinants of health | The social forces and systems put in place to deal with illness that influence health outcomes |
| Social identity | The combination of social characteristics, roles, and group memberships with which a person identifies |
| Social institutions | Established patterns of interaction or relationships that serve to support society and guide our behavior |
| Social justice | Full and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet all their needs |
| Social location | The combination of factors including gender, race, social class, age, ability, religion, sexuality, nationality, and so on, in relationship to power and privilege |
| Social mobility | The movement of people up or down the social class or socioeconomic ladder |
| Social model of disability | A model of disability based on social barriers and inequalities rather than individual impairments |
| Social movements | Sustained and organized efforts to bring about (or oppose) social change |
| Social problem | A social condition or behavior that a segment of society views as harmful and in need of a solution |
| Social problems process | A model that includes steps for identifying and examining the process of a social problem |
| Social structure | How society is organized |
| Socialism | An economic system in which the means of production are collectively owned with the goal of working for the collective good |
| Socialization | The process whereby individuals learn the culture of their society |
| Sociological imagination | A quality of mind that connects individual experience and wider social forces; the skill of connecting personal troubles to public issues |
| Sociology | The systematic study of society |
| Sociopharmacology | A sociological theory of drug use that focuses on social factors which increase vulnerability to harmful drug use |
| Standpoint theory | A theoretical perspective that focuses on how your identity and point of view influence what you notice |
| Stereotyping | Generalizing about a large group of people, often in misleading or harmful ways |
| Stigmatization of illness | A process by which shame or disgrace is aimed at a person with a physical or mental illness or condition |
| Stratification | A system that divides society’s members into ranked categories based on things like wealth, power, and prestige |
| Structural functionalism | A sociological theoretical perspective that focuses on social stability and the functions of social institutions |
| Subjectivist approach | An approach to social problems that focuses on the feeling that something is a problem |
| Substance use disorder | The diagnosis of a condition in which there is uncontrolled use of a substance despite harmful consequences |
| Sweatshop labor | Work characterized by unsafe conditions, long hours, low wages, and few protections |
| Symbolic interactionism | A sociological theoretical perspective that focuses on shared meanings, social interactions, and the social construction of reality |
| Systems of power | The systemic privilege and power or systemic oppression associated with social location |
| Terrorism | The use or threat of violence against civilians or governments to achieve some objective |
| Theoretical perspective | A broad, overarching perspective to frame or explain (social) phenomena |
| Theory | A specific statement to explain (social) phenomena |
| Total institutions | Residential institutions that cut off individuals from wider communities or society in order to resocialize them |
| Tracking | The sorting of students into different programs according to perceived abilities and intelligence |
| Under-resourced communities | Areas with relatively high poverty rates that lack robust economic infrastructure |
| Underemployment | The state of working part-time but wanting to work full-time, being overqualified for a job, or stopping the search for work after being unable to find a job |
| Underserved communities | Groups with limited access to resources or that are otherwise disenfranchised |
| Unemployment | The state of not currently having a job but looking for a job |
| Victimless crime | A category of crime involving voluntarily and willing criminal behaviors, conceptualized as being without a victim |
| Violent crime | A category of crime involving violence such as homicide, aggravated and simple assault, rape and sexual assault, and robbery |
| War | Organized and sustained armed violence between social groups to achieve some objective |
| War on drugs | An effort to combat illegal drug use and distribution in the US by greatly increasing penalties, enforcement, and incarceration for drug offenders |
| Weathering | The idea that chronic exposure to social and economic disadvantage and discrimination leads to an accelerated decline in physical health outcomes |
| White-collar crime | A category of crime involving a perpetrator of high social status or an occupation-related act |
| White nationalism | A political and ideological movement motivated by white supremacy and dedicated to the preservation of a white national majority |
| White supremacy | A social system of power relations based on the idea that white people are superior to other races that is maintained through social institutions, social interactions, and other social systems |
| Work | A social institution in which individuals produce and distribute goods and services |
| Worldview | A perception of reality reinforced by people in the culture |