18.4: End of Chapter Review

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Test Your Knowledge

What criteria do researchers and conservationists use to identify the conservation status of primate populations and species?
What are the main threats facing primates today, and how do the combined impacts of these threats uniquely affect primates?
What do you think a world without primates would look like? Consider their unique significance and the various roles they play in ecology, human evolutionary and cultural history, and local economies. How would the absence of primates affect ecosystems, other animals, and humans?
Considering all the other problems in the world today, should primate conservation be a high priority? What are the arguments to support prioritizing primate conservation?
How can you contribute to primate conservation in your everyday life?

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Figure Attributions

Figure 18.1.1 World population by region by Our World in Data [Source HYDE (2016) & UN (2019)] accessed August 5, 2019 is used under a CC BY 4.0 License.

Figure 18.1.2 Global primate species richness, distributions, and the percentage of species threatened and with declining populations (Figure 1) by Estrada et al. [Original: 2017 “Impending Extinction Crisis of the World’s Primates: Why Primates Matter.” Science Advances 3 (229): 1–16. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600946] is used under a CC BY 4.0 License.

Figure 18.1.3 Mountain Gorilla Bwindi by Rod Waddington is used under a CC BY-SA 2.0 License.

Figure 18.1.4 A female northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) with infant at the Feliciano Miguel Abdala Private Natural Heritage Reserve outside of Caratinga, Brazil by Amanda J. Hardie, courtesy of Projeto Muriqui de Caratinga, is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.1.5 Fecal matter with seeds from the large-bodied northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) by Amanda J. Hardie, courtesy of Projeto Muriqui de Caratinga, is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.1.6 Tourists feeding monkeys ATR P1180869 by T. R. Shankar Raman is used under a CC BY-SA 4.0 License.

Figure 18.2.1 Bornean Orangutan Wide Face by Eric Kilby is used under a CC BY-SA License.

Figure 18.2.2 A female gelada (Theropithecus gelada) with a snare around its neck in central Ethiopia by Kadie Callingham is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.2.3 Cattle graze in papaya plantation, once forested land, in Montagne des Français, Madagascar by Mary P. Dinsmore is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.2.4 Forest cleared for cattle-ranching in the province of Manabí, Ecuador by Irene Duch-Latorre, courtesy of Proyecto Washu, is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.2.5 An industrial-sized truck with charcoal leaves Montagne des Français region, Madagascar by Mary P. Dinsmore is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.2.6 Old-growth tree uprooted after Cyclone Enawo, Madagascar by Mary P. Dinsmore is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.2.7 A northern sportive lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis), Montagne des Français, Madagascar by Mary P. Dinsmore is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.2.8 A model of the extinction vortex drawn by Karen B. Strier (AAPA 87th Annual Meeting, 11-14 April 2018), adapted from Gilpin and Soulé (1986), is available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Figure 18.3.1 Students in the canopy at El Zota field station, Costa Rica, by Mary P. Dinsmore, courtesy of Broadreach Global Summer Adventures, Inc. is used by permission and available here under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.

Table Attribution

Table 18.1.1 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Criteria for Threatened Taxa by Mary P. Dinsmore et al., updated from Strier 2011, with data simplified and condensed from IUCN Species Survival Commission (2012), is under a CC BY-NC 4.0 License.