8.9: Key Terms

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congruence: state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar

Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB): projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture

culture: all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society

Five Factor Model: theory that personality is composed of five factors, including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

heritability: proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics

ideal self: person we would like to be

incongruence: state of being in which there is a great discrepancy between our real and ideal selves

locus of control: beliefs about the power we have over our lives; an external locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an internal locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): personality test composed of a series of true/false questions in order to establish a clinical profile of an individual

personality: long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

real self: person who we actually are

reciprocal determinism: belief that one’s environment can determine behavior, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviors

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB): projective test that is similar to a word association test in which a person completes sentences in order to reveal their unconscious desires, fears, and struggles

selective migration: concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs

self-concept: our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

self-efficacy: someone’s level of confidence in their own abilities

social-cognitive theory: Bandura’s theory of personality that emphasizes both cognition and learning as sources of individual differences in personality

temperament: how a person reacts to the world, including their activity level, starting when they are very young

traits: characteristic ways of behaving

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