8.4: Impacts

Contextual Impacts

Outside resources play an integral part in the growth of our social and emotional development. Although many varied elements affect how a school-age child develops, here are just a few contextual impacts to consider.

Cell Phones and Dopamine

Cell phones have a powerful impact on the brain, especially through the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, motivation, and reward. Every time a person receives a notification, a like on social media, or a message, the brain experiences a small dopamine surge, reinforcing the behavior and creating a cycle of continued phone use. This system is similar to the brain’s response to other pleasurable activities, such as eating or exercising, but the instant gratification provided by smartphones can make them particularly engaging. The unpredictability of notifications and social media interactions enhances this effect, as the brain craves the next reward, much like in gambling. Over time, excessive phone use can alter dopamine pathways, making it harder to focus on tasks that do not provide immediate rewards.

This constant stimulation can lead to addiction-like behaviors, where people feel compelled to check their phones even when it interferes with daily life, work, or relationships. Similar to substance addiction, excessive phone use can create tolerance, meaning people may need more screen time to achieve the same level of satisfaction. If access to their phone is restricted, some individuals may experience withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, irritability, or restlessness. This overuse can negatively impact mental health, contributing to increased stress, decreased attention span, and disrupted sleep patterns due to excessive screen exposure, particularly before bedtime. While cell phones provide numerous benefits, mindful usage and setting boundaries, such as limiting notifications or implementing screen-free time, can help maintain a healthy balance and prevent overreliance on dopamine-driven digital rewards.

Video Games and Neurotransmitters

Video games have a significant impact on neurotransmitter release and brain activity, particularly through the stimulation of dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters associated with reward, motivation, and emotion regulation. The way video games affect neurotransmitter systems can vary based on the type of game, how long someone plays, and the context of the gaming experience.

Dopamine and Reward Systems

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to the brain’s reward system, and video games can trigger its release, especially in games that provide frequent rewards, achievements, and challenges. Every time a player completes a level, achieves a goal, or earns a reward, the brain releases dopamine, creating a sense of pleasure and reinforcing the behavior. This reward loop can make video games highly engaging and, in some cases, addictive, as players seek to experience that rush of dopamine over and over. Games with unpredictable rewards, such as loot boxes or puzzle games, can heighten this effect, as the brain craves the “next reward,” similar to gambling.

Serotonin and Mood Regulation

While dopamine is more closely tied to motivation and reward, serotonin plays a role in mood regulation, social behavior, and overall emotional well-being. Multiplayer games, in particular, can stimulate serotonin release by providing opportunities for social interaction, teamwork, and bonding. Positive interactions in online gaming communities, achieving shared goals, or competing with friends can trigger serotonin, enhancing feelings of satisfaction, happiness, and emotional stability. Additionally, games that involve problem-solving, creativity, and exploration—like adventure or puzzle games—can also boost serotonin by helping players experience a sense of accomplishment and mastery.

Stress and GABA Regulation

On the other hand, some video games, especially those involving high levels of competition or stress, can also affect neurotransmitter balance by increasing levels of cortisol (the stress hormone), while potentially reducing GABA, a neurotransmitter that promotes calm and relaxation. Excessive, prolonged gaming, especially in fast-paced or aggressive games, can create a fight-or-flight response, leading to heightened stress. However, games that are relaxing or meditative, like puzzle games or virtual worlds focused on creativity and exploration, can help reduce stress and potentially increase GABA levels, promoting relaxation and calm.

Oxytocin and Social Connection

For games that emphasize cooperation, communication, and teamwork—particularly multiplayer games or virtual worlds—there can be an increase in oxytocin, the “bonding hormone.” Players who form strong social connections, make friends, or experience moments of trust and collaboration within games may experience an increase in oxytocin, which strengthens emotional connections and feelings of attachment. Online communities built around gaming can create a sense of belonging, social interaction, and support, enhancing players’ emotional well-being.

Addiction and Neurotransmitter Imbalance

While video games can have positive effects on neurotransmitter levels, excessive gaming can also lead to neurotransmitter imbalances. Overindulgence in gaming, particularly with games designed to keep players engaged for extended periods (through rewards, competition, or social pressure), can lead to dopamine overstimulation, resulting in an addictive loop. Players may begin to seek the same dopamine rush, and if they don’t get it, they may experience withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, anxiety, or depression.

In summary, video games can have a profound influence on neurotransmitters, positively enhancing feelings of achievement, connection, and relaxation in some cases, while potentially contributing to stress and addiction in others. Balancing gaming time with other healthy activities and ensuring that games promote positive social interaction and relaxation can help maintain a healthy relationship with gaming and support overall mental well-being.