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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/15%3A_PSRs_and_Flat_Tree_Structures/15.02%3A_Phrase_Structure_Rules_in_Other_LanguagesIn this sentence, the VP is siyah masaya dokundu ‘touched the black table.’ Many students will look at this sentence and conclude that the VP rule for Turkish is an AdjP (for siyah), followed by an NP...In this sentence, the VP is siyah masaya dokundu ‘touched the black table.’ Many students will look at this sentence and conclude that the VP rule for Turkish is an AdjP (for siyah), followed by an NP (for masaya), followed by a V (for dokundu), as shown in (8). The adjective doesn’t belong directly in the VP; instead it belongs inside of the NP meaning black table, and the whole NP is inside the VP, as shown in the tree in Figure A1.4.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/08%3A_Pragmatics/8.08%3A_More_about_the_Cooperative_PrincipleHe developed the Cooperative Principle in the 1960s partially in response to philosophers at the time who claimed that natural, ordinary language is too ambiguous and too illogical to rigorously analy...He developed the Cooperative Principle in the 1960s partially in response to philosophers at the time who claimed that natural, ordinary language is too ambiguous and too illogical to rigorously analyse. However, we also do not deny the fact that Gricean theories of pragmatics have contributed to the perception that (educated, white) English is somehow the “norm” and somehow culturally “neutral” (Ameka & Terkourafi 2019).
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/10%3A_Language_Variation_and_Change/10.05%3A_Variationist_methods_and_conceptsYou would need to count the number of [ɪn] tokens in the reading passage and the number of [ɪŋ] tokens in the reading passage to calculate the proportion of [ɪn] in the reading passage, and likewise c...You would need to count the number of [ɪn] tokens in the reading passage and the number of [ɪŋ] tokens in the reading passage to calculate the proportion of [ɪn] in the reading passage, and likewise count both [ɪn] and [ɪŋ] in the interview to determine the proportion of [ɪn] in that context.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/09%3A_Reclaiming_Indigenous_Languages/9.11%3A_Resources_for_teaching_and_learning_NishnaabemwinI hope to get into quilting now that I’m retired and we have a verb for that, badakiiga`ige, you know, we can talk about a blanket being so beautiful, you know, that person is such a good quilter, you...I hope to get into quilting now that I’m retired and we have a verb for that, badakiiga`ige, you know, we can talk about a blanket being so beautiful, you know, that person is such a good quilter, you know, if that’s of relevance to you, you know the patterns and you get to talk about quilting, if you want, you know?
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/10%3A_Language_Variation_and_Change/10.09%3A_Sociolinguistic_correlations_-_EthnicityFor example, the /aɪ/ phoneme in Lumbee English is raised and backed to [ɑ̝ɪ], something shared with Outer Banks English but none of the others; while Lumbee English’s ‘for to’ complementizer (e.g., I...For example, the /aɪ/ phoneme in Lumbee English is raised and backed to [ɑ̝ɪ], something shared with Outer Banks English but none of the others; while Lumbee English’s ‘for to’ complementizer (e.g., I want for to get it) is shared with Appalachian English, but no others; and, Finite be (e.g., she bes there) is only shared with their Anglo-American neighbours.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/12%3A_Adult_Language_Learning/12.07%3A_Learning_Phonemes_and_Allophones_in_a_Later_LanguageEnglish doesn’t have lateral fricatives, but English does have lots of pairs of fricatives that contrast in their voicing, so the theory predicts that it should be easy for English listeners to map th...English doesn’t have lateral fricatives, but English does have lots of pairs of fricatives that contrast in their voicing, so the theory predicts that it should be easy for English listeners to map the voicing difference between the Zulu fricatives onto those English voicing contrasts and recognize this phonetic difference.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/10%3A_Language_Variation_and_ChangeThis chapter explores sociolinguistic variation and how it has been analyzed. We’ll be introduced to the concept of the linguistic variation, we’ll see how to analyze data from a variationist sociolin...This chapter explores sociolinguistic variation and how it has been analyzed. We’ll be introduced to the concept of the linguistic variation, we’ll see how to analyze data from a variationist sociolinguistic perspective, and we’ll survey some of the major social factors that correlate with sociolinguistic variation.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/06%3A_SyntaxIn this chapter we look at how words are organized into phrases and sentences, which in linguistics is called syntax. Just as the morphemes in a word are organized into structures, the words in a sent...In this chapter we look at how words are organized into phrases and sentences, which in linguistics is called syntax. Just as the morphemes in a word are organized into structures, the words in a sentence are also best viewed not just as a string of words, but instead as having a hierarchical structure. The first half of this chapter (6.1 to 6.12) introduces core concepts and argumentation in syntax, while tree diagrams and X-bar theory are covered in the second half (6.13 to 6.21).
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/07%3A_Semantics/7.10%3A_Why_not_the_dictionaryis exhibited’. Museum in (2) does not literally mean that, since it is not the place or the building that said something. (2) roughly means ‘person who works at the museum said they were closing indef...is exhibited’. Museum in (2) does not literally mean that, since it is not the place or the building that said something. (2) roughly means ‘person who works at the museum said they were closing indefinitely’. If you look up museum in the Oxford English Dictionary (or any dictionary), this meaning — ‘person who works at a museum’ — is not listed.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/01%3A_Human_Language_and_Language_Science/1.07%3A_Exercise_your_linguistics_skillsThe terms first language and L1 (or sometimes, native language) refer to the language you learned from the people around you from your very early childhood. Your company turns to you, the in-house lin...The terms first language and L1 (or sometimes, native language) refer to the language you learned from the people around you from your very early childhood. Your company turns to you, the in-house linguist, to come up with a name for this new product. One of the many ways that mental grammar is generative is that it is always possible to create new words in a language. Based on your observations of the word in context, write a dictionary definition of the word.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linguistics/Essentials_of_Linguistics_2e_(Anderson_et_al.)/04%3A_PhonologyThere are many repeated patterns and categories that give more abstract structure to the physical reality of the linguistic signal, both within a particular language and across languages. This chapter...There are many repeated patterns and categories that give more abstract structure to the physical reality of the linguistic signal, both within a particular language and across languages. This chapter explores this abstract structure by looking at patterns in how the physical units of language can be combined, how they affect each other in patterned ways when they are combined, and the methods linguists can use to discover these patterns.
