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1. See John Kincaid. 1975. “Federalism.” In Civitas: A Framework for Civil Education, eds. Charles Quigley and Charles Bahmueller. Calabasas, CA: Center for Civic Education, 391–392; William S. Riker. 1975. “Federalism.” In Handbook of Political Science, eds. Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 93–172.
2. Garry Willis, ed. 1982. The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. New York: Bantam Books, 237.
3. Danielle Kurtzleben, "House Votes to Revive Equal Rights Amendment, Removing Ratification Deadline," NPR, 13 February 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/02/13/80564...ation-deadline.
4. Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012).
5. United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co., 315 U.S. 110 (1942).
6. Ronald L. Watts. 1999. Comparing Federal Systems, 2nd ed. Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen’s University, 6–7; Daniel J. Elazar. 1992. Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements. Harlow, Essex: Longman Current Affairs.
7. Jack Rakove. 2007. James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic. New York: Pearson; Samuel H. Beer. 1998. To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
8. Elton E. Richter. 1929. “Exclusive and Concurrent Powers in the Federal Constitution,” Notre Dame Law Review 4, No. 8: 513–542. http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/vi...6&context=ndlr
9. Baehr v. Lewin. 1993. 74 Haw. 530.
10. United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744 (2013).
11. Adam Liptak, “Supreme Court Delivers Tacit Win to Gay Marriage,” New York Times, 6 October, 2014.
12. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015).
13. Data reported by http://www.usgovernmentrevenue.com/federal_revenue. State and local government figures are estimated.
14. Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 158 U.S. 601 (1895).
15. See Robert Jay Dilger, “Federal Grants to State and Local Governments: A Historical Perspective on Contemporary Issues,” Congressional Research Service, Report 7-5700, 5 March 2015.
16. Jeffrey L. Barnett et al. 2014. 2012 Census of Governments: Finance-State and Local Government Summary Report, Appendix Table A-1. December 17. Washington, DC: United States Census Bureau, 2.
17. Rachel Siegel, "What's in Congress's $1.9 Trillion COVID Bill: Checks, Unemployment Insurance and More, 10 March 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/busin...-the-stimulus/.
18. "Assistance for State, Local, and Tribal Governments," U.S. Department of the Treasury, https://home.treasury.gov/policy-iss...us-relief-fund (June 2021).
19. Data reported by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. 2015. “Policy Basics: Where Do Our Federal Tax Dollars Go?” March 11. http://www.cbpp.org/research/policy-...tax-dollars-go
20. The Lehrman Institute. “The Founding Trio: Washington, Hamilton and Jefferson.” http://lehrmaninstitute.org/history/FoundingTrio.asp
21. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819).
22. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824).
23. Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1 (1824).
24. W. Kirk Wood. 2008. Nullification, A Constitutional History, 1776–1833. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
25. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857).
26. Joseph R. Marbach, Troy E. Smith, and Ellis Katz. 2005. Federalism in America: An Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
27. Marc Allen Eisner. 2014. The American Political Economy: Institutional Evolution of Market and State. New York: Routledge.
28. Eisner, The American Political Economy; Stephen Skowronek. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
29. United States v. E. C. Knight, 1sometimes referred to as the Sugar Trust case, 56 U.S. 1 (1895).
30. Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
31. Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918).
32. Nicholas Crafts and Peter Fearon. 2010. “Lessons from the 1930s Great Depression,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 26: 286–287; Gene Smiley. “The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Great Depression.” http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/G...epression.html
33. Marbach et al, Federalism in America: An Encyclopedia.
34. Jeff Shesol. 2010. Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. The Supreme Court. New York: W. W. Norton.
35. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) v. Jones & Laughlin Steel, 301 U.S. 1 (1937).
36. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Theda Skocpol. 2014. “Progressive Federalism and the Contested Implemented of Obama’s Health Reform,” In The Politics of Major Policy Reform in Postwar America, eds. Jeffrey A. Jenkins and Sidney M. Milkis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. R. Kent Weaver. 2000. Ending Welfare as We Know It. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
38. Allen Schick. 2007. The Federal Budget, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
39. Dilger, “Federal Grants to State and Local Governments,” 30–31.
40. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995).
41. See Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997).
42. Morton Grodzins. 2004. “The Federal System.” In American Government Readings and Cases, ed. P. Woll. New York: Pearson Longman, 74–78.
43. U.S. Department of Education: Office for Civil Rights, Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Higher Education Desegregation, March 1991, https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/li...cs/hq9511.html.
44. Dilger, “Federal Grants to State and Local Governments.”
45. John Mikesell. 2014. Fiscal Administration, 9th ed. Boston: Wadsworth Publishing.
46. Dilger, “Federal Grants to State and Local Governments,” 5.
47. Dilger, “Federal Grants to State and Local Governments,” Table 4.
48. Schick, The Federal Budget.
49. Robert Jay Dilger and Eugene Boyd. 15 July 2014. “Block Grants: Perspectives and Controversies.” Congressional Research Service, Report R40486, 1–3. Isaac Shapiro, David Reich, Chloe Cho, and Richard Kogan. 28 March 2017. “Trump Budget Would Cut Block Grants Dramatically, Underscoring Danger of Granting Social Programs.” Center on Budgets and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/federa...ring-danger-of.
50. Jonathan Weisman, “Ryan’s Budget Would Cut $5 trillion in Spending Over a Decade,” New York Times, 1 April 2014.
51. Kenneth Finegold, Laura Wherry, and Stephanie Schardin. 2014. “Block Grants: Historical Overview and Lessons Learned,” New Federalism: Issues and Options for States Series A, No A-63: 1–7.
52. Martha Derthick. 1987. “American Federalism: Madison’s Middle Ground in the 1980s,” Public Administration Review 47, No. 1: 66–74.
53. U.S. Congress. 2017–2018. H. R. 50 – Unfunded Mandates Information and Transparency Act of 2017. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-...e-bill/50(June 1, 2021).
54. National Governors Association, National Conference of State Legislatures, and American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. 2006. The Real ID Act: National Impact Analysis. http://www.ncsl.org/print/statefed/r...nal_sept19.pdf
55. Department of Homeland Security. 18 December 2018. “Real ID.” https://www.dhs.gov/real-id. Homeland Security. “REAL ID Enforcement in Brief.” http://www.dhs.gov/real-id-enforcement-brief# (June 12, 2015); National Conference of State Legislatures. “Countdown to REAL ID.” http://www.ncsl.org/research/transpo...o-real-id.aspx (June 12, 2015).
56. Robert Jay Dilger and Richard S. Beth, “Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues,” Congressional Research Service, Report 7-5700, 17 November 2014.
57. John Kincaid. 1990. “From Cooperative Federalism to Coercive Federalism,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 509: 139–152.
58. Carol M. Swain and Virgina M. Yetter. (2014). “Federalism and the Politics of Immigration Reform.” In The Politics of Major Policy Reform in Postwar America, eds. Jeffery A. Jenkins and Sidney M. Milkis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
59. National Conference of State Legislatures. “State Laws Related to Immigration and Immigrants.” http://www.ncsl.org/research/immigra...mmigrants.aspx (June 23, 2015).
60. Ann Morse, "Report on State Immigration Laws - 2020," National Conference of State Legislatures, 8 March 2021, https://www.ncsl.org/research/immigr...laws-2020.aspx.
61. Michele Waslin. 2012. “Discrediting ‘Self Deportation’ as Immigration Policy,” February 6. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/spe...gration-policy
62. Daniel González. 2010. “SB 1070 Backlash Spurs Hispanics to Join Democrats,” June 8. http://archive.azcentral.com/arizona...-backlash.html
63. Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012).
64. Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012).
65. Julia Preston, “Arizona Ruling Only a Narrow Opening for Other States,” New York Times, 25 June 2012.
66. United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744 (2013).
67. James Esseks. 2014. “Op-ed: In the Wake of Windsor,” June 26. http://www.advocate.com/commentary/2...d-wake-windsor (June 24, 2015).
68. South Dakota v. Dole, 483 U.S. 203 (1987).
69. Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
70. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
71. Elizabeth Nash et al. 2013. “Laws Affecting Reproductive Health and Rights: 2013 State Policy Review.” http://www.guttmacher.org/statecente...ends42013.html (June 24, 2015).
72. New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 (1932).
73. Christine Vestal and Michael Ollove, “Why some state-run health exchanges worked,” USA Today, 10 December 2013.
74. Rachel Frazin, "More States Follow California's Lead on Vehicle Emissions Standards," The Hill, 28 February 2021, https://thehill.com/homenews/state-w...ions-standards.
75. Jennifer Lawless. 2012. Becoming a Candidate. New York: Cambridge University Press.
76. Justin McCarthy. 2014. “Americans Still More Trusting of Local Than State Government," Gallup, 8 October 2018, https://news.gallup.com/poll/243563/...overnment.aspx.
77. Lydia Saad, "Trust in Federal Government's Competence Remains Low," Gallup, 29 September 2020, https://news.gallup.com/poll/321119/...mains-low.aspx.
78. United States Census Bureau. 2017. “Median Household Income (in 2017 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars.” 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/...prodType=table.
79. Governing the States and Localities. 1 June 2018. “Education Spending per Student by State.” http://www.governing.com/gov-data/ed...upil-data.html.
80. The Commonwealth Fund. “Aiming Higher: Results from a Scorecard on State Health System Performance, 2014.” http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publ...tate-scorecard (June 24, 2015).
81. Alexander Hertel-Fernandez. 2012. “Why U.S. Unemployment Insurance is in Financial Trouble,” February. http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.o..._financing.pdf
82. Matt Broaddus and January Angeles. 2012. “Federal Government Will Pick Up Nearly All Costs of Health Reform’s Medicaid Expansion,” March 28. http://www.cbpp.org/research/federal...caid-expansion.
83. "Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map," KKF, 7 June 2021, https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-b...teractive-map/.
84. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012).
85. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).
86. Mark Niesse, "Sweeping Changes to Georgia Elections Signed into Law," The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 25 March 2021, https://www.ajc.com/politics/bill-ch...HTOBVEMTJLIT4/.
