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5.12: References

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    1. Constitutional Rights Foundation. “Race and Voting in the Segregated South,” http://www.crf-usa.org/black-history...gregated-south (April 10, 2016).

     

    2. Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954).

     

    3. Phyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982); F. S. Royster Guano v. Virginia, 253 U.S. 412 (1920).

     

    4. Cornell University Law School: Legal Information Institute. “Rational Basis,” https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/rational_basis (April 10, 2016); Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934).

     

    5. United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938).

     

    6. Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976); Clark v. Jeter, 486 U.S. 456 (1988).

     

    7. Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982); United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996).

     

    8. Matthew Rosenberg and Dave Philipps, “All Combat Roles Open to Women, Defense Secretary Says,” New York Times, 3 December 2015; Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981).

     

    9. Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499 (2005).

     

    10. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).

     

    11. “Mississippi Black Code,” https://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html (April 10, 2016); “Black Codes and Pig Laws,” http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-an...s/black-codes/ (April 10, 2016).

     

    12. Catherine K. Harbour, and Pallab K. Maulik. 2010. “History of Intellectual Disability.” In International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation, eds. J. H. Stone and M. Blouin. http://cirrie.buffalo.edu/encycloped...n/article/143/ (April 10, 2016).

     

    13. Lucia Stanton. 2008. “Thomas Jefferson and Slavery,” https://www.monticello.org/site/plan...teref3_srni04n.

     

    14. “How Did Slavery Disappear in the North?” http://www.abolitionseminar.org/how-...olish-slavery/ (April 10, 2016); Nicholas Boston and Jennifer Hallam, “The Slave Experience: Freedom and Emancipation,” http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/expe...m/history.html (April 10, 2016).

     

    15. Eric Foner. 1970. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 28, 50, 54.

     

    16. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857).

     

    17. David M. Potter. 1977. The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861. New York: Harper & Row, 45.

     

    18. David Herbert Donald. 1995. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 407.

     

    19. Erik Foner. 1988. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 524–527.

     

    20. Ibid., 595; Alexander Keyssar. 2000. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books, 105–106.

     

    21. Keyssar, 114–115.

     

    22. Keyssar, 111–112.

     

    23. Kimberly Sambol-Tosco, “The Slave Experience: Education, Arts, and Culture,” http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/expe.../history2.html (April 10, 2016).

     

    24. Keyssar, 112.

     

    25. Alan Greenblat, “The Racial History of the ‘Grandfather Clause,” NPR Code Switch, 22 October 2013. http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswit...dfather-clause.

     

    26. Keyssar, 111.

     

    27. Keyssar, 247.

     

    28. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

     

    29. “NAACP: 100 Years of History,” https://donate.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history (April 10, 2016).

     

    30. Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 337 (1938).

     

    31. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

     

    32. “Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom,” http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu..._freedom_1957/ (April 10, 2016).

     

    33. Jason Sokol. 2006. There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 116–117.

     

    34. Ibid., 118–120.

     

    35. Ibid., 120, 171, 173.

     

    36. Robert M. Fogelson. 2005. Bourgeois Nightmares: Suburbia, 1870–1930. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 102–103.

     

    37. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).

     

    38. Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).

     

    39. Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966).

     

    40. “Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1869–1948),” http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu...948/index.html (April 10, 2016); “Nixon, E. D. (1899–1987),” http://www.blackpast.org/aah/nixon-e...899-1987(April 10, 2016).

     

    41. Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946).

     

    42. See Lynne Olson. 2002. Freedom’s Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830–1970. New York: Scribner, 97; D. F. Gore et al. 2009. Want to Start a Revolution? Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: New York University Press; Raymond Arsenault. 2007. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.

     

    43. See Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964); Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964), which built on Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942).

     

    44. See David Garrow. 1978. Protest at Selma. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; David J. Garrow.1988. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. London: Jonathan Cape.

     

    45. Keyssar, 263–264.

     

    46. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).

     

    47. Adam Liptak, “Supreme Court Invalidates Key Part of Voting Rights Act,” The New York Times, 25 June 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/26/us...rt-ruling.html; Wendy R. Weiser and Erik Opsal, “The State of Voting in 2014,” Brennan Center for Justice, 17 June 2014. http://www.brennancenter.org/analysi...te-voting-2014.

     

    48. Louis E. Lomax. 1963. When the Word is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing, 173–174; David Farber. 1994. The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s. New York: Hill and Wang, 207.

     

    49. Dan Keating, “Why Whites Don’t Understand Black Segregation,” Washington Post, 21 November 2014. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...k-segregation/.

     

    50. Alana Semuels, “White Flight Never Ended,” The Atlantic, 30 July 2015. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/...d-well/399980/.

     

    51. Lindsey Cook, “U.S. Education: Still Separate and Unequal,” U.S. News and World Report, 28 January 2015. http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/dat...te-and-unequal.

     

    52. Sokol, 175–177.

     

    53. Kriston McIntosh, Emily Moss, Ryan Nunn, and Jay Shambaugh, "Examining the Black-white Wealth Gap," Brookings, 27 February 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-fr...te-wealth-gap/.

     

    54. Jacqueline Jones. 1992. The Dispossessed: America’s Underclasses From the Civil War to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 274, 290–292.

     

    55. James B. Comey. February 12, 2015. “Hard Truths: Law Enforcement and Race” (speech). https://www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/ha...ement-and-race.

     

    56. Julie Hirschfeld Davis and Binyamin Appelbaum. 8 July 2015. “Obama Unveils Stricter Rules against Segregation in Housing.” New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/09/us...tion.html?_r=0. Tracy Jan. 24 December 2018. “Ben Carson’s HUD Dials Back Investigations into Housing Discrimination.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/busin...=.1776fde23f6b. Diane Yentel. 23 August 2018. “Trump Administration Continues to Undermine Fair Housing Act.” The Hill. https://thehill.com/opinion/civil-ri...ir-housing-act.

     

    57. Politico Magazine. 12 August 2018. "What Charlottesville Changed." Politico. https://www.politico.com/magazine/st...irginia-219353

     

    58. Bakke v. California, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).

     

    59. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).

     

    60. Fisher v. University of Texas, 570 U.S. 297 (2013); Fisher v. University of Texas, 579 U.S. ___ (2016).

     

    61. Mary Beth Norton. 1980. Liberty’s Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800. New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 46.

     

    62. Ibid., 47.

     

    63. Jan Ellen Lewis. 2011. “Rethinking Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776–1807,” Rutgers Law Review 63, No. 3, http://www.rutgerslawreview.com/wp-c...sue3/Lewis.pdf.

     

    64. DeNeen L. Brown, "Ida B. Wells Gets Her Due as a Black Suffragist Who Rejected Movement's Racism," 25 August 2020, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/histo...union-station/.

     

    65. Keyssar, 174.

     

    66. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 1993. Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences, 1815–1897. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 148.

     

    67. Elizabeth Cady Stanton et al. 1887. History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 73.

     

    68. Jean H. Baker. 2005. Sisters: The Lives of America’s Suffragists. New York: Hill and Wang, 109.

     

    69. Angelina Grimke. October 2, 1837. “Letter XII Human Rights Not Founded on Sex.” In Letters to Catherine E. Beecher: In Reply to an Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism. Boston: Knapp, 114–121.

     

    70. Keyssar, 178.

     

    71. Keyssar, 184.

     

    72. Keyssar, 175, 186–187.

     

    73. Keyssar, 214.

     

    74. “Alice Paul,” https://www.nwhm.org/education-resou...es/alice-paul/ (April 10, 2016).

     

    75. Deborah Rhode. 2009. Justice and Gender: Sex Discrimination and the Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 66–67.

     

    76. Daniel Villarreal, "GOP Senator Lisa Murkowski Backs Legislation to Ratify ERA Now After Mitch McConnell Blocked Senate Vote," Newsweek, 22 January 2021, https://www.newsweek.com/gop-senator...e-vote-1563853.

     

    77. Mark Hugo Lopez and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera. 6 March 2014. “Women’s College Enrollment Gains Leave Men Behind,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...ve-men-behind/; Allie Bidwell, “Women More Likely to Graduate College, but Still Earn Less Than Men,” U.S. News & World Report, 31 October 2014.

     

    78. “A Current Glance at Women in the Law–July 2014,” American Bar Association, July 2014; “Medical School Applicants, Enrollment Reach All-Time Highs,” Association of American Medical Colleges, October 24, 2013.

     

    79. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

     

    80. Emine Yücel, "Men's and Women's NCAA March Madness Facilities, Separate and Unequal, Spark Uproar," NPR, 19 March 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/03/19/97939...l-spark-uproar.

     

    81. "USWNT Lawsuit versus U.S. Soccer Explained: Defining the Pay Gaps, What's at Stake for Both Sides," ESPN, 3 June 2020, https://www.espn.com/soccer/united-s...for-both-sides.

     

    82. “Pay Equity and Discrimination,” http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/pay-...discrimination (April 10, 2016).

     

    83. Bonnie Chiu, "Invisibility of Race in Gender Pay Gap Discussions," Forbes, 13 June 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bonniec...h=4eab21f85664.

     

    84. Gretchen Livingston. 2 July 2013. “The Rise of Single Fathers,” http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/...ingle-fathers/.

     

    85. “Poverty in the U.S.: A Snapshot,” National Center for Law and Economic Justice, http://www.nclej.org/poverty-in-the-us.php.

     

    86. “Current Numbers,” http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/current-numbers (January 10, 2019).

     

    87. “Statistics,” http://www.ncadv.org/learn/statistics (April 10, 2016); “Statistics About Sexual Violence,” http://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/f...violence_0.pdf (April 10, 2016).

     

    88. Heather D. Boonstra and Elizabeth Nash. 2014. “A Surge of State Abortion Restrictions Puts Providers–and the Women They Serve–in the Crosshairs,” Guttmacher Policy Review 17, No. 1, https://www.guttmacher.org/about/gpr...rve-crosshairs.

     

    89. Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt, 579 U.S. ___ (2016).

     

    90. Heather D. Boonstra. 2013. “Insurance Coverage of Abortion: Beyond the Exceptions for Life Endangerment, Rape and Incest,” Guttmacher Policy Review 16, No. 3, https://www.guttmacher.org/about/gpr...ape-and-incest.

     

    91. “Garbage Man Salary (United States),” http://www.payscale.com/research/US/...an/Hourly_Rate (April 10, 2016).

     

    92. “Child Care/Day Care Worker Salary (United States),” http://www.payscale.com/research/US/...er/Hourly_Rate (April 10, 2016).

     

    93. Theodore Haas. 1957. “The Legal Aspects of Indian Affairs from 1887 to 1957,” American Academy of Political Science 311, 12–22.

     

    94. Elk v. Wilkins, (1884)112 U.S. 94.

     

    95. See Alan Gallay. 2009. Indian Slavery in Colonial America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

     

    96. See James Wilson. 1998. The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America. New York: Grove Press.

     

    97. Ibid; Gloria Jahoda. 1975. Trail of Tears: The Story of American Indian Removal, 1813–1855. New York: Henry Holt.

     

    98. See Wilson. 1998. The Earth Shall Weep.

     

    99. See John Ehle. 1988. Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. New York: Doubleday; Theda Perdue and Michael Green. 2007. The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears. New York: Penguin Books.

     

    100. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831).

     

    101. Francis Paul Prucha. 1984. The Great Father: The United States Government and American Indians, vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 212; Robert V. Remini. 2001. Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars. New York: Viking, 257; Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515 (1832).

     

    102. Prucha, 241; Ehle, 390–392; Russell Thornton. 1991. “Demography of the Trail of Tears,” In Cherokee Removal: Before and After, ed. William L. Anderson. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 75–93.

     

    103. “Indian Reservations,” http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/Refe...d=&documentId=
    GALE|CX3401802046&userGroupName=lnoca_hawken&jsid=f44511ddfece4faafab082109e34a539 (April 10, 2016).

     

    104. Ibid.

     

    105. “Curtis Act (1898),” http://www.okhistory.org/publication...hp?entry=CU006 (April 10, 2016).

     

    106. See Gae Whitney Canfield. 1988. Sarah Winnemucca of the Northern Paiutes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

     

    107. Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (P.L. 73–383); “Indian Reservations,” http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/Refe...d=&documentId=
    GALE|CX3401802046&userGroupName=lnoca_hawken&jsid=f44511ddfece4faafab082109e34a539 (April 10, 2016).

     

    108. Daniel McCool, Susan M. Olson, and Jennifer L. Robinson. 2007. Native Vote. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 9, 19.

     

    109. “Indian Reservations,” http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/Refe...d=&documentId=
    GALE|CX3401802046&userGroupName=lnoca_hawken&jsid=f44511ddfece4faafab082109e34a539 (April 10, 2016).

     

    110. See Troy R. Johnson. 1996. The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian Self-Determination and the Rise of Indian Activism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

     

    111. Emily Chertoff, “Occupy Wounded Knee: A 71-Day Siege and a Forgotten Civil Rights Movement,” The Atlantic, 23 October 2012. http://www.theatlantic.com/national/...vement/263998/.

     

    112. Ibid.

     

    113. Public Law 93–638: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, as Amended.

     

    114. W. Dale Mason. 2000. Indian Gaming: Tribal Sovereignty and American Politics. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 60–64.

     

    115. Public Law 95–341: American Indian Religious Freedom, Joint Resolution.

     

    116. Winters v. United States, 207 U.S. 564 (1908).

     

    117. Adam Liptak.27 November 2018. “Is Half of Oklahoma an Indian Reservation? The Supreme Court Sifts the Merits.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/27/u...eme-court.html.

     

    118. "Questions Remain about State Jurisdiction over Crimes in Post-McGirt Oklahoma," American Bar Association, 26 January 2021, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/c...girt-oklahoma/.

     

    119. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, “Racism’s Frontier: The Untold Story of Discrimination and Division in Alaska,” http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/sac/ak0402/ch1.htm (April 10, 2016).

     

    120. Ryan Mielke, “Hawaiians’ Years of Mistreatment,” Chicago Tribune, 4 September 1999. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1...oha-land-trust.

     

    121. Brittany Lyte, “Historic Election Could Return Sovereignty to Native Hawaiians,” Aljazeera America 30 Oct. 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/article...hawaiians.html.

     

    122. Jason Daley. 28 September 2016. “Rule Allows Native Hawaiians to Form Their Own Government.” Smithosian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart...ent-180960598/. Brittany Lyte. 5 November 2017. “Native Hawaiians Again Seek Political Sovereignty with a New Constitution.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/natio...=.b456552351c1.

     

    123. Jens Manuel Krogstad. 13 June 2014. “One-in-Four Native Americans and Alaska Natives Are Living in Poverty,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...ng-in-poverty/.

     

    124. Karina L. Walters, Jane M. Simoni, and Teresa Evans-Campbell. 2002. “Substance Use Among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Incorporating Culture in an ‘Indigenist’ Stess-Coping Paradigm,” Public Health Reports 117: S105.

     

    125. Kehaulani Lum, “Native Hawaiians’ Trail of Tears,” Chicago Tribune, 24 August 1999. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1...-people-aleuts.

     

    126. “Hispanic v. Latino,” http://www.soaw.org/resources/anti-o...anic-vs-latino (April 10, 2016).

     

    127. David G. Gutierrez. 1995. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity. Berkeley: University of California Press, chapter 1.

     

    128. See Abraham Hoffman. 1974. Unwanted Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929–1939. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

     

    129. See Michael Snodgrass. 2011. “The Bracero Program,1942–1964” In Beyond the Border: The History of Mexican–U.S. Migration, ed. Mark Overmyer-Velásquez. New York: Oxford University Press, 79–102.

     

    130. See Benjamin Marquez. 1993. LULAC: The Evolution of a Mexican American Political Organization. Austin: University of Texas Press.

     

    131. Mendez v. Westminister School District, 64 F. Supp. 544 (S.D. Cal. 1946).

     

    132. See Avi Astor. 2009. “Unauthorized Immigration, Securitization, and the Making of Operation Wetback,” Latino Studies 7: 5–29.

     

    133. See John R. Chavez. 1997. “The Chicano Image and the Myth of Aztlan Rediscovered.” In Myth America: A Historical Anthology (volume II), eds. Patrick Gerster and Nicholas Cords. New York: Brandywine Press; F. Arturo Rosales. 1996. Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press.

     

    134. See Rosales, American Civil Rights Movement.

     

    135. See Sal Castro. 2011. Blowout! Sal Castro and the Chicano Struggle for Educational Justice. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

     

    136. See Randy Shaw. 2008. Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the Struggle for Justice in the 21st Century. Berkeley: University of California Press; Susan Ferriss, Ricardo Sandoval, and Diana Hembree. 1998. The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

     

    137. CNN. 19 March 1998. “Most of California’s Prop. 187 Ruled Unconstitutional,” http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/03/19/prop.187/; Patrick J. McDonnell, “Prop. 187 Found Unconstitutional by Federal Judge,” Los Angeles Times, 15 November 1997. http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/15/news/mn-54053.

     

    138. Teresa Watanabe and Hector Becerra, “500,000 Pack Streets to Protest Immigration Bills,” Los Angeles Times, 26 March 2006.

     

    139. Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387 (2012).

     

    140. Arizona, 567 U.S.

     

    141. Center for Public Affairs Research. 24 November 2015. “UNO Study: Fertility Rate Gap Between Races, Ethnicities is Shrinking,” http://www.unomaha.edu/news/2015/01/fertility.php.

     

    142. Rakesh Kochhar and Richard Fry. 12 December 2014. “Wealth Inequality Has Widened Along Racial, Ethnic Lines Since End of Great Recession,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...eat-recession/; “State High School Graduation Rates By Race, Ethnicity,” http://www.governing.com/gov-data/ed...ethnicity.html (April 10, 2016); Mark Hugo Lopez and Richard Fry. 4 September 2013. “Among Recent High School Grads, Hispanic College Enrollment Rates Surpasses That of Whites,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...he-first-time/.

     

    143. Perry Bacon Jr. 6 December 2018. "Trump Has Made U.S. Policy Much More Resistant to Immigration — Without the Wall." https://fivethirtyeight.com/features...ration-policy/.

     

    144. See Gabriel Chin and Hrishi Kathrikeyan. 2002. “Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910–1950,” Asian Law Journal 9.

     

    145. See Greg Robinson. 2010. A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America. New York: Columbia University Press.

     

    146. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).

     

    147. Robinson, Tragedy of Democracy.

     

    148. See William Wei. 1993. The Asian American Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

     

    149. Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974).

     

    150. Alexandra Hutzler, "Man Kicked Woman in Back, Hurled Anti-Asian Statements in New York City," Newsweek, 23 June 2021, https://www.newsweek.com/man-kicked-...k-city-1603444.

     

    151. See Jonathan Ned Katz. 1995. Gay and American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the United States. New York: Thomas Crowell.

     

    152. See David K. Johnson. 2004. The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

     

    153. See Vern L. Bullough. 2002. Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York: Harrington Park Press.

     

    154. See David Carter. 2004. Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s Press; Martin Duberman.1993. Stonewall. New York: Penguin Books.

     

    155. Public Law 103–160: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994.

     

    156. NBC News. 22 July 2011. “Obama Certifies End of Military’s Gay Ban,” http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43859711/n.../#.VrAzFlLxh-U.

     

    157. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).

     

    158. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015).

     

    159. City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997).

     

    160. “Know Your Rights: Transgender People and the Law,” https://www.aclu.org/know-your-right...people-and-law (April 10, 2016).

     

    161. Lila Shapiro. 2 Apr. 2015. “Record Number of Reported LGBT Homicides in 2015,” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/0...n_6993484.html.

     

    162. Ivette Feliciano, "Pride: 2021 Has Set a Record in Anti-Trans Bills in America," PBS, 6 June 2021, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/pr...lls-in-america.

     

    163. "US Supreme Court Declines Transgender Bathroom Appeal in Win for Student," BBC, 29 June 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57643727.

     

    164. See Edward J. Larson. 1995. Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in The Deep South. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; Rebecca M. Kluchin. 2009. Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America 1950–1980. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

     

    165. Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927).

     

    166. Kim Severson, “Thousands Sterilized, A State Weighs Restitution,” New York Times, 9 December 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/10/us...a.html?_r=1&hp.

     

    167. Pavithra Rajesh, "Virtual Learning for Students with Disabilities Creates New Problems, Exacerbates Old Ones," The Huntington News, 26 January 2021, https://huntnewsnu.com/64756/campus/...ates-old-ones/.

     

    168. Dan Hounsell, "30 Years Later, Schools Struggle with ADA," FacilitiesNet, 30 July 2020, https://www.facilitiesnet.com/ada/ti...ith-ADA--46658.

     

    169. See Nancy Lusignan Schultz. 2000. Fire and Roses: The Burning of the Charlestown Convent. New York: Free Press.

     

    170. See Richard L. Bushman. 2005. Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

     

    171. See Frederic Cople Jaher. 1994. A Scapegoat in the Wilderness: The Origins and Rise of Anti-Semitism in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

     

    172. “Combatting Religious Discrimination and Protecting Religious Freedom,” http://www.justice.gov/crt/combating...ous-freedom-16 (April 10, 2016).

     

    173. Eric Lichtblau, “Crimes Against Muslim Americans and Mosques Rise Sharply,” New York Times, 17 December 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/18/us...rply.html?_r=0.

     

    174. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 573 U.S. 682 (2014).

    5.12: References is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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