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7.12: References

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    154067
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    1. Jennifer Rubin, “Opinion: In New Hampshire, Democrats court veterans” Washington Post, 8 September 2019.
    2. Stephen Medvic. 2014. Campaigns and Elections: Players and Processes, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
    3. Guinn v. United States, 238 U.S. 347 (1915).
    4. Medvic, Campaigns and Elections.
    5. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).
    6. Bernard Grofman, Lisa Handley, and Richard G. Niemi. 1992. Minority Representation and the Quest for Voting Equality. New York: Cambridge University Press, 25.
    7. “The Canvass,” April 2014, Issue 48, http://www.ncsl.org/research/electio...pril-2014.aspx.
    8. Tova Wang and Maria Peralta. 22 September 2015. “New Report Released by National Commission on Voting Rights: More Work Needed to Improve Registration and Voting in the U.S.” http://votingrightstoday.org/ncvr/re.../electionadmin.
    9. Ibid.
    10. Royce Crocker, “The National Voter Registration Act of 1993: History, Implementation, and Effects,” Congressional Research Service, CRS Report R40609, September 18, 2013, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40609.pdf.
    11. “National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789–Present,” http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present (November 4, 2015).
    12. John B. Holbein, D. Sunshine Hillygus. 2015. “Making Young Voters: The Impact of Preregistration on Youth Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science (March). doi:10.1111/ajps.12177.
    13. Russell Berman, “Should Voter Registration Be Automatic?” Atlantic, 20 March 2015; Maria L. La Ganga, “Under New Oregon Law, All Eligible Voters are Registered Unless They Opt Out,” Los Angeles Times, 17 March 2015.
    14. “’Unusable’ Voter Rolls,” Wall Street Journal, 7 November 2000.
    15. “One Hundred Seventh Congress of the United States of America at the Second Session,” 23 January 2002. http://www.eac.gov/assets/1/workflow...ng/Page/41.PDF.
    16. “Voter List Accuracy,”11 February 2014. http://www.ncsl.org/research/electio...-accuracy.aspx
    17. Brad Bryant and Kay Curtis, eds. December 2013. “Interstate Crosscheck Program Grows,” http://www.kssos.org/forms/communica...nsas/dec13.pdf.
    18. Troy Kinsey, “Proposed Bills Put Greater Scrutiny on Florida’s Voter Purges,” Bay News, 9 November 2015.
    19. “Felon Voting Rights,” 15 July 2014. http://www.ncsl.org/research/electio...ng-rights.aspx.
    20. Jenni Goldstein, "Florida convicted felons allowed to vote for 1st time in presidential election after completing sentences," ABC News, 25 October 2020, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/conv...ry?id=73822173.
    21. Wilson Ring, “Vermont, Maine Only States to Let Inmates Vote,” Associated Press, 22 October 2008.
    22. “Voter’s Qualifications and Oath,” https://votesmart.org/elections/ball...h#.VjQOJH6rS00 (November 12, 2015).
    23. Richard Niemi and Michael Hanmer. 2010. “Voter Turnout Among College Students: New Data and a Rethinking of Traditional Theories,” Social Science Quarterly 91, No. 2: 301–323.
    24. Michael P. McDonald and Samuel Popkin. 2001. “Myth of the Vanishing Voter,” American Political Science Review 95, No. 4: 963–974; See also, “What is the Voting-Age Population (VAP) and the Voting-Eligible Population (VEP)?” http://www.electproject.org/home/vot...aq/denominator (November 12, 2015).
    25. McDonald and Popkin, “Myth of the Vanishing Voter,” 963–974.
    26. Voter Turnout, United States Elections Project, http://www.electproject.org/home/vot...r-turnout-data (June 2021).
    27. Michael B. Farrell. September 16, 2009. “What is the ACORN Controversy About?” Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politic...troversy-about.
    28. Jennifer Steinhauer, “Opponents of California Ballot Initiative Seek Inquiry,” New York Times, 21 November 2007.
    29. Lori A. Demeter. 2010. “The Reluctant Voter: Is Same Day Registration the Skeleton Key?” International Journal of Business and Social Science 1, No. 1: 191–193.
    30. Jane Eisner. 2004. Taking Back the Vote: Getting American Youth Involved in Our Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
    31. Census Bureau. "Table A-1. Reported Voting and Registration by Race, Hispanic Origin, Sex, and Age Groups: November 1964 to 2018." (June 2021).
    32. "Michelle Obama Announces 7 New Co-Chairs Joining When We All Vote, The National Nonpartisan Organization She Launched to Increase Voter Participation in Every Election," When We All Vote, https://whenweallvote.org/michelle-o...very-election/ (June 20210).
    33. Thom File, “Young-Adult Voting: An Analysis of Presidential Elections 1964-2012,” United States Census Bureau, P20-573, April 2014, https://www.census.gov/prod/2014pubs/p20-573.pdf.
    34. Jacob Fabina, "Despite Pandemic Challenges, 2020 Election Had Largest Increase in Voting Between Presidential Elections on Record," Census.gov, 29 April 2021, https://www.census.gov/library/stori...-election.html.
    35. Randall Akee, "Voting and Income," EconoFact, 7 February 2019, https://econofact.org/voting-and-income.
    36. "Voting and Voter Registration as a Share of the Voter Population, by Race/Ethnicity," KKF, https://www.kff.org/other/state-indi...2:%22asc%22%7D (June 2021).
    37. Luis Noe-Bustamante, Abby Budiman, and Mark Hugo Lopez, "Where Latinos Have the Most Eligible Voters in the 2020 Election," Pew Research Center, 31 January 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tan...2020-election/.
    38. Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP). 2022. "Proportion of Eligible Adult Population Who Reported Voting," https://cawp.rutgers.edu/facts/voter...er-turnout#GGN.
    39. Frank Newport. 12 June 2009. “Women More Likely to Be Democrats, Regardless of Age,” http://www.gallup.com/poll/120839/wo...dless-age.aspx.
    40. “Table 10. Reported Voting and Registration, by Sex and Single Years of Age: November 2012,” https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/socd...12/tables.html (November 2, 2015).
    41. Drew Desilver. 6 May 2015. “U.S. Voter Turnout trails Most Developed Countries,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...oped-countries.
    42. John Kuk, Zoltan Hajnal, and Nazita Lajevardi. 2022. "A Disproportionate Burden: Strict Voter Identification Laws and Minority Turnout," Politics, Groups, and Identities, 10, No. 1: 126–134, doi: 10.1080/21565503.2020.1773280.
    43. Jason Mycoff, Michael Wagner, and David Wilson. 2009. "The Empirical Effects of Voter-ID Laws: Present or Absent?" PS: Political Science & Politics, 42, No. 1: 121–126, doi: 10.1017/S1049096509090301.
    44. “Photo ID Law,” http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2401.htm (November 1, 2015).
    45. “Obtaining a Photo ID,” http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2625.htm (November 1, 2015).
    46. “Media Information Guide for Indiana 2014 General Election,” http://www.state.in.us/sos/elections...11.03.2014.pdf (November 13, 2015).
    47. David Stout, “Supreme Court Upholds Voter Identification Law in Indiana,” New York Times, 29 April 2008; Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, 553 U.S. 181 (2008).
    48. “Jurisdictions Previously Covered by Section 5,” http://www.justice.gov/crt/jurisdict...ered-section-5 (November 1, 2015).
    49. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).
    50. Veasey v. Abbott, 136 S. Ct. 1823 (2016).
    51. Patricia Zengerle. 26 September 2012. “Young, Hispanics, Poor Hit Most by US Voter ID Laws: Study,” http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/...PvhKPXu4fVA.97.
    52. BBC News. 1 November 2018. "US Mid-Terms: What Are the Claims of Voter Suppression?" https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45986329..
    53. Lisa Hagen and Susan Milligan, "How Voting Laws Suppress the 'New South,'" US News, 9 April 2021, https://www.usnews.com/news/the-repo...-the-new-south.
    54. Kara Scannell, Brian Todd, Ashley Killough, Ed Lavandera, Devan Cole, and Samira Said, "Most Drive-Thru Voting Locations to Close for Election Day in Houston-Area County at Center of Legal Drama," 3 November 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/02/polit...lot/index.html.
    55. Stefan D. Haag, “Early Voting in Texas: What are the Effects?” Austin Community College CPPPS Report, http://www.austincc.edu/cppps/earlyv...ll/report5.pdf (November 1, 2015).
    56. Rich Morin. 23 September 2013. “Early Voting Associated with Lower Turnout,” http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...-lower-turnout.
    57. Michael McDonald, "20020 General Election Early Vote Statistics," U.S. Elections Project, 23 November 2020, https://electproject.github.io/Early...20G/index.html
    58. "All-mail voting," Ballotpedia, https://ballotpedia.org/All-mail_voting.
    59. The Denver Post Editorial Board, “A Vote of Confidence for Mail Elections in Colorado,” Denver Post, 10 November 2014.
    60. Blair Miller, "Colorado had nation's second-highest voter turnout rate in 2018 midterm election," ABC News Denver, 13 November 2018, https://www.thedenverchannel.com/new...dterm-election.
    61. Brian Knowlton, “Disclosure of His 1976 Arrest for Drunken Driving Shakes Campaign, but Voter Reaction Is Uncertain: A November Surprise for Bush,” New York Times, 4 November 2000.
    62. "https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/u...stigation.html" Rebecca R. Ruiz and Mark Landler. 17 May 2017. “Robert Mueller, Former F.B.I. Director, Is Named Special Counsel for Russia Investigation.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/u...stigation.html.
    63. "https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/u...p-mueller.html" Mark Mazzetti, Eileen Sullivan, and Maggie Haberman. 25 January 2019. “Indicting Roger Stone, Mueller Shows Link between Trump Campaign and WikiLeaks.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/25/u...p-mueller.html.
    64. Joint Statement from Elections Infrastructure Government Coordinating Council & the Election Infrastructure Sector Coordinating Executive Committees, 12 November 2020, https://www.cisa.gov/news/2020/11/12...uncil-election.
    65. Harvard IOP, “Trump, Carson Lead Republican Primary; Sanders Edging Clinton Among Democrats, Harvard IOP Poll Finds,” news release, December 10, 2015, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/harvard-iop-fall-2015-poll.
    66. C. Rallings, M. Thrasher, and G. Borisyuk. 2003. “Seasonal Factors, Voter Fatigue and the Costs of Voting,” Electoral Studies 22, No. 1: 65–79.
    67. Jennifer L. Lawless. 2012. Becoming a Candidate: Political Ambition and the Decision to Run for Office. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    68. “Partisan Composition of State Houses,” http://ballotpedia.org/Partisan_comp...f_state_houses (November 4, 2015); Zach Holden. 20 November 2014. “No Contest: 36 Percent of 2014 State Legislative Races Offered No Choice,” https://www.followthemoney.org/resea...o-choice-blog/.
    69. “Legislators’ Occupations in All States,” http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-s...onal-data.aspx (November 3, 2015).
    70. Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox. 2010. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. Revised Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    71. “Women in State Legislatures for 2015,” 4 September 2015. http://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staf...-for-2015.aspx.
    72. "By the Numbers," Represent Women, https://www.representwomen.org/curre...on#us_overview (June 2021).
    73. “Reelection Rates Over the Years,”https://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/reelect.php (November 12, 2015).
    74. Karl Evers-Hillstrom, "Most Expensive Ever: 2020 Election Cost $14.4 Billion," OpenSecrets.org, 11 February 11, https://www.opensecrets.org/news/202...n-doubling-16/.
    75. Katharina Buchholz, "Outside Spending Takes a Leap up in 2020 Election Cycle," Statista, 3 December 2020, https://www.statista.com/chart/17036...-us-elections/.
    76. Greg Scott and Gary Mullen, “Thirty Year Report,” Federal Election Commission, September 2005, http://www.fec.gov/info/publications/30year.pdf.
    77. Jonathan Bernstein, “They Spent What on Presidential Campaigns?,” Washington Post, 20 February, 2012.
    78. Jaime Fuller, “From George Washington to Shaun McCutcheon: A Brief-ish History of Campaign Finance Reform,” Washington Post, 3 April 2014.
    79. Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925; Hatch Act of 1939; Taft-Hartley Act of 1947
    80. Scott and Mullen, “Thirty Year Report.”
    81. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976).
    82. “Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002,” http://www.fec.gov/pages/bcra/bcra_update.shtml (November 11, 2015); Scott and Mullen, “Thirty Year Report.”
    83. “Court Case Abstracts,” http://www.fec.gov/law/litigation_CCA_W.shtml (November 12, 2015); Davis v. Federal Election Commission, 554 U.S. 724 (2008).
    84. Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010).
    85. “Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission,” http://www.opensecrets.org/news/repo...ens_united.php (November 11, 2015); “Independent Expenditure-Only Committees,” http://www.fec.gov/press/press2011/ieoc_alpha.shtml (November 11, 2015).
    86. "2020 Outside Spending, by Super PAC," https://www.opensecrets.org/outsides...?chrt=V&type=S (June 1, 2021).
    87. “Super PACs,” https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/sup...php?cycle=2014 (November 11, 2015).
    88. “Contribution Limits for the 2015–2016 Federal Elections,” http://www.fec.gov/info/contriblimitschart1516.pdf. (November 11, 2015).
    89. Harold Meyerson, “Op-Ed: California’s Jungle Primary: Tried it. Dump It,” Los Angeles Times, 21 June 2014.
    90. California Democratic Party v. Jones, 530 U.S. 567 (2000).
    91. “Voter Turnout,” http://www.electproject.org/home/vot...r-turnout-data. (November 3, 2015).
    92. Josh Putnam, “Presidential Primaries and Caucuses by Month (1976),” Frontloading HQ (blog), February 3, 2009, http://frontloading.blogspot.com/200...-calendar.html.
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    94. William G. Mayer and Andrew Busch. 2004. The Front-loading Problem in Presidential Nominations. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution.
    95. Joanna Klonsky, “The Role of Delegates in the U.S. Presidential Nominating Process,” Washington Post, 6 February 2008.
    96. Vanessa Friedman and James Poniewozik, "The 2020 Party Conventions Gave New Meaning to Political Theater," The New York Times, 28 August 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/28/a...dnc-trump.html.
    97. Tarini Parti and Ken Thomas, "Kamala Harris Named as Joe Biden's VP Pick," The Wall Street Journal, 11 August 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/joe-bid...ck-11597177118.
    98. “Party Affiliation and Election Polls,” Pew Research Center, August 3, 2012.
    99. Christina Wilkie, "Trump Targets Adversaries in His Final Pitch, While Biden Focuses on Covid-19," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/02/elec...l-pitches.html.
    100. Shanto Iyengar. 2016. Media Politics: A Citizen’s Guide, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton.
    101. Paul Begala. 1 October 2008. “Commentary: 10 Rules for Winning a Debate,” http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/...l?iref=24hours.
    102. 2nd Congress, Session I, “An Act relative to the Election of a President and Vice President of the United States, and Declaring the Office Who Shall Act as President in Case of Vacancies in the Offices both of President and Vice President,” Chapter 8, section 1, image 239. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html (November 1, 2015).
    103. 28th Congress, Session II. 23 January 1845. “An Act to Establish a Uniform Time for Holding Elections for Electors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union,” Statute II, chapter 1, image 721. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html; 42nd Congress, Session II, “An Act for the Apportionment of Representatives to Congress among the Several Sates According to the Ninth Census.” Chapter 11, section 3, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html (November 1, 2015).
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    107. Drew Babb, “LBJ’s 1964 Attack Ad ‘Daisy’ Leaves a Legacy for Modern Campaigns,” Washington Post, 5 September 2014; “1964 Johnson vs. Goldwater,” http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964 (November 9, 2015).
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    109. Stephen Ansolabehere, Shanto Iyengar, Adam Simon, and Nicholas Valentino. 1994. “Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate?” The American Political Science Review 88, No. 4: 829–838.
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    115. Alan Silverleib. 15 June 2008. “Analysis: Age an Issue in the 2008 Campaign?” http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/...ref=newssearch.
    116. Laustsen. “Decomposing the Relationship,” 777–791.
    117. R. Michael Alvarez and Jonathan Nagler. 2000. “A New Approach for Modelling Strategic Voting in Multiparty Elections,” British Journal of Political Science 30, No. 1: 57–75.
    118. Nathan Thomburgh, “Could Third-Party Candidates Be Spoilers?” Time, 3 November 2008.
    119. Matthew E. Glassman, “Congressional Franking Privilege: Background and Current Legislation,” Congressional Research Service, CRS Report RS22771, December 11, 2007, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS22771.pdf.
    120. League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, 548 U.S. 399 (2006).
    121. Tom Murse, "Do Members of Congress Ever Lose Re-Election?" ThoughtCo, 10 December 2020, https://www.thoughtco.com/do-congres...ection-3367511 (June 1, 2021).
    122. “Citizen’s Guide to Town Meetings,” http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cispd...n_Meetings.pdf (November 7, 2015).
    123. “How to Qualify an Initiative,” http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ball...fy-initiative/ (November 13, 2015).
    124. David A. Fahrenthold and Rachel Weiner, “Gov. Walker Survives Recall in Wisconsin,” Washington Post, 5 June 2012.
    125. James M. Cole, “Memorandum for All United States Attorneys,” U.S. Department of Justice, August 29, 2013, http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resou...2756857467.pdf.
    126. “State Medical Marijuana Laws,” http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/...na-laws.aspx#2 (July 20, 2015).
    127. Jessica Garrison, “Prop. 8 Leaves Some Voters Puzzled,” Los Angeles Times, 31 October 2008.
    128. Mark Barabak, “10 memorable moments from the recall of Gov. Gray Davis, 10 years later,” Los Angeles Times, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-...togallery.html (August 1, 2015).

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