Skip to main content
1. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Theda Skocpol 2010. Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Anthony J. Nownes. 2013. Interest Groups in American Politics. Routledge: New York.
3. Nownes, Interest Groups in American Politics.
4. Nownes, Interest Groups in American Politics.
5. Jennifer Wolak, Adam J. Newmark, Todd McNoldy, David Lowery, and Virginia Gray, “Much of Politics is Still Local: Multistate Representation in State Interest Communities,” Legislative Studies Quarterly 27 (2002): 527–555.
6. Anthony J. Nownes and Adam J. Newmark. 2013. “Interest Groups in the States.” In Politics in the American States. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 105–131.
7. Brady: United Against Gun Violence, formerly known as the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence was founded by James and Sarah Brady, after James Brady was permanently disabled by a gunshot following an assassination attempt on then-president Ronald Reagan. At the time of the shooting, Brady was Reagan’s press secretary. http://www.bradycampaign.org/jim-and-sarah-brady (March 1, 2016).
8. Michael Mitchell and Michael Leachman, “Years of Cuts Threaten to Put College Out of Reach for More Students,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 13 May 2015, http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-b...-more-students.
9. Robert Davidson, “Higher Ed Lobbies for More Funds,” http://www.wcbi.com/local-news/highe...or-more-funds/ (November 3, 2015).
10. http://www.ameribev.org/ (March 1, 2016).
11. Nownes and Newmark, “Interest Groups in the States.”
12. Ken Kollman. 1998. Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Groups Strategies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
13. “Milking Taxpayers,” The Economist, 14 February 2015, http://www.economist.com/news/united...king-taxpayers.
14. http://www.ncsl.org/research/electio.../voter-id.aspx (June 1, 2021).
15. http://www.aarp.org/about-aarp/ (October 3, 2015).
16. Jeffrey M. Berry and Clyde Wilcox. 2009. The Interest Group Society. New York: Pearson.
17. Mancur Olson, Jr. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth L. Leech. Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Political Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
18. Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action.
19. Jack Walker, “The Origin and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America,” American Political Science Review 77 (1983): 390–406.
20. Robert Salisbury, “An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups,” Midwest Journal of Political Science 13 (1969): 1–32; Peter B. Clark and James Q. Wilson, “Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations,” Administration Science Quarterly 6 (1961): 129–166.
21. https://www.naacp.org/ (March 1, 2016).
22. https://www.aclu.org/ (March 1, 2016).
23. David Truman. 1951. The Governmental Process. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
24. Rachel Caron. 1962. A Silent Spring. New York: Mariner Books.
25. Frank R. Baumgartner, Derek A. Epp, Kelsey Shoub, and Bayard Love, "Targeting Young Men of Color for Search and Arrest during Traffic Stops: Evidence from North Carolina, 2002—2013, 13 April 2016, https://fbaum.unc.edu/articles/PGI-2016-Targeting.pdf.
26. Edward Meese III, "Crucial Difference Between Protests, Riots," The Grand Island Independent, 20 June 2020, https://theindependent.com/opinion/c...851efa8f0.html.
27. “Hundreds of Ferguson Protesters March in Downtown D.C.,” http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/lo...283807831.html (March 1, 2016).
28. Amy Forliti, Steve Karnowski, and Tammy Webber, "Expert: Chauvin Never Took Knee Off Floyd's Neck Area," AP News, 7 April 2021, https://apnews.com/article/derek-cha...f9fa2bc6732d20.
29. Derrick Bryson Taylor, "George Floyd Protests: A Timeline," The New York Times, 28 March 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/article/geor...-timeline.html.
30. Jenna Johnson, “Immigration continues to be Donald Trump’s rallying issue,” Washington Post, 22 October 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...allying-issue/.
31. http://www.news-leader.com/story/new...tion/75473312/ (March 1, 2016).
32. Talya Cunningham, "'We Won't Back Down': Hundreds of University of Richmond Students and Faculty Protest Building Names, Campus Racism, and Board Rector," ABC Richmond News, 7 April 2021, https://www.wric.com/news/local-news...-board-rector/.
33. See in general Jeffrey M. Berry and Clyde Wilcox. 2008. The Interest Group Society. 5th ed. New York: Routledge.
34. Andrew Saultz, "Educational Federalism, the Every Student Succeeds Act, and the Future of Educational Policy," Green & Write blog, Michigan State University College of Education, 2 November 2016, https://education.msu.edu/green-and-...tional-policy/.
35. Sarah J. Jackson, Moya Bailey and Brooke Foucault Welles. 2020. #HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
36. David Carter. 2010. Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
37. http://milkfoundation.org/about/harv...ilk-biography/ (November 8, 2015).
38. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, "A Guide to Restroom Access for Transgender Workers," https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/fil...tPractices.pdf (June 1, 2021).
39. Clive S. Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar. 1990. “Interest Groups in the States.” In Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, 5th ed., eds. Virginia Gray, Herbert Jacob, and Robert B. Albritton. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 123–158; Clive S. Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar. 1991. “Nationalization of Interest Groups and Lobbying in the States.” In Interest Group Politics, 3d ed., eds. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 63–80; Clive S. Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar. 1996. “Interest Groups in the States.” In Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, 6th ed., eds. Virginia Gray, and Herbert Jacob. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 122–158; Clive S. Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar. 1999. “Interest Groups in the States.” In Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, 7th ed., eds. Virginia Gray, Russell L. Hanson, and Herbert Jacob. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 113–143; Clive S. Thomas and Ronald J. Hrebenar. 2004. “Interest Groups in the States.” In Politics in the American States: A Comparative Analysis, 8th ed., eds. Virginia Gray and Russell L. Hanson. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 100–128.
40. http://www.uspirg.org/ (November 1, 2015).
41. Rick Noack, “7 countries where Americans can study at universities, in English, for free (or almost free),” Washington Post, 29 October 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...r-almost-free/.
42. Thomas and Hrebenar, “Nationalization of Interest Groups and Lobbying in the States;” Nownes and Newmark, “Interest Groups in the States.”
43. Thomas and Hrebenar, “Interest Groups in the States,” 1991, 1996, 1999, 2004; Thomas and Hrebenar, “Nationalization of Interest Groups and Lobbying in the States.”
44. https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-...rms?cycle=2020 (June 1, 2021).
45. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehmnn Schlozman, and Henry Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46. Steven J. Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen. 2003. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Longman.
47. Verba et al., Voice and Equality; Mark J. Rozell, Clyde Wilcox, and Michael M. Franz. 2012. Interest Groups in American Campaigns: The New Face of Electioneering. Oxford University Press: New York.
48. Aaron Smith, “Conservative Group’s Times Square Billboard Attacks a $15 Minimum Wage,” 31 August 2015, http://money.cnn.com/2015/08/31/news...-minimum-wage/.
49. Robert Putnam. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon and Shuster; Rosenstone and Hansen, Mobilization, Participation and Democracy in America.
50. David B. Truman 1951. The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion. New York: Knopf.
51. Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Dahl, Robert A. 1961. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
52. E. E. Schattschneider. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 35.
53. W. G. Domhoff. 2009. Who rules America? Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; K. L. Schlozman, “What Accent the Heavenly choir? Political Equality and the American Pressure System,” Journal of Politics 46, No. 2 (1984) 1006–1032; K. L. Schlozman, S. Verba, and H. E. Brady. 2012. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
54. Olson, Jr., The Logic of Collective Action.
55. Kevin Drum, “Nobody Cares What You Think Unless You’re Rich,” Mother Jones, 8 April 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-dru...ess-youre-rich.
56. Larry Bartels, “Rich People Rule!” Washington Post, 8 April 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...ch-people-rule.
57. Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth L. Leech. 1998. Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Political Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
58. Francis E. Rourke. 1984. Bureaucracy, Politics, and Public Policy, 3rd ed. NY: Harper Collins.
59. Hugh Heclo. 1984. “Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment.” In The New American Political System, ed. Anthony King. Washington DC: The American Enterprise Institute, 87–124.
60. V. Gray and D. Lowery, “To Lobby Alone or in a Flock: Foraging Behavior among Organized Interests,” American Politics Research 26, No. 1 (1998): 5–34; M. Hojnacki, “Interest Groups’ Decisions to Join Alliances or Work Alone,” American Journal of Political Science 41, No. 1 (1997): 61–87; Kevin W. Hula. 1999. Lobbying Together: Interest Group Coalitions in Legislative Politics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
61. Virginia Gray and David Lowery. 1996. The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; Andrew S. McFarland. 2004. Neopluralism. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
62. Mark A. Smith. 2000. American Business and Political Power: Public Opinion, Elections, and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; F. R. Baumgartner, J. M. Berry, M. Hojnacki, D. C. Kimball, and B. L. Leech. 2009, Lobbying and Policy Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Patrick McGeehan, “New York Plans $15-an-Hour Minimum Wage for Fast Food Workers,” New York Times, 22 July 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/23/ny...d-workers.html; Paul Davidson, “Fast-Food Workers Strike, Seeing $15 Wage, Political Muscle,” USA Today, 10 November 2015 http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/...egin/75482782/.
64. "Executive Order on Increasing the Minimum Wage for Federal Contractors," The White House, 27 April 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-...l-contractors/.
65. John R. Wright. 1996. Interest Groups and Congress: Lobbying, Contributions, and Influence. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon; Mark J. Rozell, Clyde Wilcox, and Michael M. Franz. 2012. Interest Groups in American Campaigns: The New Face of Electioneering. New York: Oxford University Press.
66. https://www.nrapvf.org/grades/; http://www.bradycampaign.org/2013-state-scorecard (March 1, 2016).
67. http://www.adaction.org/pages/public...ng-records.php; http://acuratings.conservative.org/ (March 1, 2016).
68. https://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/ (March 1, 2016).
69. Conor M. Dowling and Michael G. Miller. 2014. Super PAC! Money, Elections, and Voters after Citizens United. New York: Routledge.
70. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress: Lobbying, Contributions, and Influence.
71. Rob O'Dell and Nick Penzenstadler, "You elected them to write new laws. They’re letting corporations do it instead," USA Today, https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/ne...ts/3162173002/ (June 1, 2021).
72. Richard L. Hall and Frank W. Wayman, “Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees,” American Political Science Review 84.3 (1990): 797-820.
73. Sean Lengell, “Boehner: Grover Norquist Just a ‘Random’ Guy,” Washington Times, 3 November 2011, http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/...st-random-guy/.
74. Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015).
75. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress: Lobbying, Contributions, and Influence; Rozell, Wilcox, and Franz, Interest Groups in American Campaigns: The New Face of Electioneering.
76. Buckley v. Valeo, 75-436, 424 U.S. 1 (1976).
77. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 08-205, 558 U.S. 310 (2010).
78. McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, 12-536, 572 U.S. 185 (2014).
79. The Associated Press. 29 January 2017. "Koch Political Network to Spend $300M to $400M over 2 Years." Fortune. http://fortune.com/2017/01/29/koch-p...work-spending/.
80. Koch Industries, https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/koc...pnumcycle=2020 (June 1, 2021).
81. Nicholas Confessore, “Koch Brothers’ Budget of $889 Million for 2016 Is on Par With Both Parties’ Spending,” New York Times, 26 January 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/27/us...-campaign.html.
82. Adam J. Newmark, “Measuring State Legislative Lobbying Regulation, 1990–2003.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 5 (2005): 182–191; Nownes and Newmark, “Interest Groups in the States.”
83. Nownes, Interest Groups in American Politics.
84. "2021 Joe Biden Executive Orders," National Archives: Federal Register, https://www.federalregister.gov/pres...joe-biden/2021, (June 10, 2021).
85. Geov Parrish, “Making Sense of the Abramoff Scandal,” 19 December 2005 http://www.alternet.org/story/29827/...ramoff_scandal (March 1, 2016).
86. Neil A. Lewis, “Abramoff Gets 4 Years in Prison for Corruption,” New York Times, 4 September 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/05/wa...moff.html?_r=0.
87. http://gawker.com/5856082/corrupt-lo...rrupt-lobbying (March 1, 2016).
88. "Lobbying Disclosure Act," https://lobbyingdisclosure.house.gov/lda.html (June 1, 2021).
89. "Foreign Agents Registration Act," https://www.justice.gov/nsd-fara (June 1, 2021);
90. "Foreign Lobbying in Congress: A Discussion of Influence and Transparency," American University School of Public Affairs, 8 February 2018, https://www.american.edu/spa/news/fo...n-lobbying.cfm.
