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12.12: References

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    1. Articles of Confederation, Article XI, 1781.
    2. Jack Rakove and Susan Zlomke. 1987. “James Madison and the Independent Executive,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 17, No. 2: 293–300.
    3. Tadahisa Kuroda. 1994. The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic, 1787-1804. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.
    4. U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1.
    5. Alan Clendenning, “Court: Cheney Is Wyoming Resident,” ABC News, 7 December 2000, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122289&page=1 (May 1, 2016).
    6. U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1.
    7. George Petras and Jim Sergent, “How Trump's two impeachment trials compare,” USA Today, 5 February 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/ne...rs/4363045001/
    8. Brian Naylor, “Senate Republicans Block A Plan For An Independent Commission On Jan. 6 Capitol Riot,” NPR, 28 May 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/05/28/10005...6-capitol-riot.
    9. U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 3.
    10. “Judgeship Appointments By President,” http://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judge...ents-president (May 1, 2016).
    11. G. Calvin Mackenzie, “The Real Invisible Hand: Presidential Appointees in the Administration of George W. Bush,” http://www.whitehousetransitionproje...esAppt-GWB.pdf (May 1, 2016).
    12. https://www.justice.gov/about (May 1, 2016).
    13. Fred Greenstein. 2010. “The Policy-Driven Leadership of James K. Polk: Making the Most of a Weak Presidency,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 40, No. 4: 725–33.
    14. Michael Les Benedict. 1973. “A New Look at the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson,” Political Science Quarterly 88, No. 3: 349–67.
    15. U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1.
    16. Mark J. Rozel. 1999. “’The Law': Executive Privilege: Definition and Standards of Application,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 29, No. 4: 918–30.
    17. Glen S. Krutz and Jeffrey S. Peake. 2009. Treaty Politics and the Rise of Executive Agreements: International Commitments in a System of Shared Powers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    18. Charles Stewart. 1989. Budget Reform Politics: The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives, 1865-1921. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    19. Daniel Myron Greene. 1908. “The Evolution of the National Political Convention,” The Sewanee Review 16, No. 2: 228–32.
    20. Marty Cohen. 2008. The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations before and after Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago.
    21. James Roger Sharp. 2010. The Deadlocked Election of 1800: Jefferson, Burr, and the Union in the Balance. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
    22. John Samples, “In Defense of the Electoral College,” 10 November 2000, http://www.cato.org/publications/com...ctoral-college (May 1, 2016).
    23. Clifton B. Parker, “Now We Know Why It’s Time to Dump the Electoral College,” The Fiscal Times, 12 April 2016, http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2016/0...ctoral-College.
    24. Jason Scott-Sheets, “Public financing is available for presidential candidates. So what’s not to like about free money?” 14 April 2016, http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2016...ut-free-money/.
    25. Glen S. Krutz, Richard Fleisher, and Jon R. Bond. 1998. “From Abe Fortas to Zoe Baird.” American Political Science Review 92, No. 4: 871–882.
    26. Michael Oreskes. 1989. “Senate Rejects Tower, 53–47; First Cabinet Veto since ‘59; Bush Confers on New Choice,” New York Times, 10 March 1989, http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/10/us...ew-choice.html.
    27. Mark J. Rozell, William D. Pederson, Frank J. Williams. 2000. George Washington and the Origins of the American Presidency. Portsmouth, NH: Greenwood Publishing Group, 17.
    28. “Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court,” Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library, 11 October 1991.
    29. Jon R. Bond, Richard Fleisher, and Glen S. Krutz. 2009. “Malign Neglect: Evidence That Delay Has Become the Primary Method of Defeating Presidential Appointments” Congress & the Presidency 36, No. 3: 226–243.
    30. Barbara Perry, “One-third of all U.S. presidents appointed a Supreme Court justice in an election year,” Washington Post, 29 February 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...election-year/.
    31. Jennifer Liberto, “It pays to work for the White House,” CNN Money, 2 July 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/07/02/news...ouse-salaries/ (May 1, 2016).
    32. Gary P. Gershman. 2008. The Legislative Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
    33. Bruce Drake, “Obama lags his predecessors in recess appointments,” 13 January 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank...-appointments/ (May 1, 2016).
    34. National Labor Relations Board v. Canning, 573 U.S. 513 (2014).
    35. Amy C. Gaudion and Douglas Stuart, “More Than Just a Running Mate,” The New York Times, 19 July 2012, http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.c...-running-mate/.
    36. Stephen Skowronek. 2011. Presidential Leadership in Political Time: Reprise and Reappraisal. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
    37. Wendy Wick Reaves. 1987. “Thomas Nast and the President,” American Art Journal 19, No. 1: 61–71.
    38. George C. Edwards. 2016. Predicting the Presidency: The Potential of Persuasive Leadership. Princeton: Princeton University Press; George C. Edwards and Stephen J. Wayne. 2003. Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy Making. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
    39. Rupert Cornwell, “Bill and Hillary’s double trouble: Clinton’s ’two for the price of one’ pledge is returning to haunt him,” Independent, 8 March 1994, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/...m-1427937.html (May 1, 2016).
    40. Tamar Lewin, “First Person; A Feminism That Speaks For Itself,” New York Times, 3 October 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/03/we...or-itself.html.
    41. Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1925).
    42. “Bush Issues Pardons, but to a Relative Few,” New York Times, 22 December 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/wa.../22pardon.html.
    43. U.S. Department of Justice. “Clemency Statistics.” https://www.justice.gov/pardon/clemencystatistics (January 10, 2019).
    44. Andrea Marks and Tom Dickinson. 31 January 2019. “A Timeline of Controversial Presidential Pardons.” Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/politic...ardons-787452/.
    45. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).
    46. Julie Des Jardins, “From Citizen to Enemy: The Tragedy of Japanese Internment,” http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history...ese-internment (May 1, 2016).
    47. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
    48. Ilya Somin, “Justice Scalia on Kelo and Korematsu,” Washington Post, 8 February 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...and-korematsu/.
    49. Glen S. Krutz. 2001. Hitching a Ride: Omnibus Legislating in the U.S. Congress. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
    50. Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998).
    51. Richard E. Neustadt. 1960. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents New York: Wiley.
    52. Fred I. Greenstein. 1982. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. New York: Basic Books.
    53. Stephen Skowronek. 2011. Presidential Leadership in Political Time: Reprise and Reappraisal. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

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