More than 8 million American Indian and Alaska Native people live in the United States today, and those numbers are projected to rise to 10 million by 2060 (Indian Country Demographics, National Congress of American Indians, June 2020).
In 2021, October 11 was declared Indigenous Peoples' Day by President Joe Biden and November was proclaimed National Native American Heritage Month.
Most students, however, learn little about Native peoples in schools. The indigenous education organization IllumiNative reports that most (87%) state level history standards do not address Native history past 1900.
Much of what students do learn about Native history comes from the media, including movies and television, local history publications, and imagery associated with local and national sports teams.
Hollywood movies and network television shows have long portrayed First American indigenous people in grossly stereotypical terms. Men are depicted as warriors and medicine men. Women are portrayed as either objects of desire or inconsequential members of a tribe. Native peoples are often shown as living in the wilderness or on reservations even though 60% of today's American Indian and Alaska Native population live in cities (5 Common Indigenous Stereotypes in Film and Television, ThoughtCo., January 2021).
Around the country, there are increasing efforts by local tourism and community groups to tell the stories of those left out or marginalized in history through tours, exhibits, and celebrations of important individuals and significant events in Native American, Black, women, and LGBTQ history. For example, "Navajo Tours USA" present Native history in New Mexico, while "Nez Perce Tourism" explores Native sites in the Pacific Northwest. There is an "Unfiltered Truth Collection" in Louisville, Kentucky, a "Truth and Reconciliation" Tour in Montgomery, Alabama, a Black Heritage Trail in Boston, and the Missouri Historical Society operates "Renegade STL" that presents Black, women's and LGBTQ history tours in St. Louis ("Historical Tours Reach Deeper to Include People Long Left Out," Sunday Travel, Boston Sunday Globe, November 7, 2021, pp. 11,13).
The following activities ask you to critically consider how Native peoples have been represented in films, local historical publications and tours, and school names and mascots and how those representations have shaped people's attitudes.
Video \(\PageIndex{1}\): Video accompanying activities for Building Democracy for All: Topic 1, Standard 5. Uploaded by UMass Democracy for All. YouTube source: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qi0Iefd5qCY.
Activity 1: Analyze how Native Americans are Portrayed in Movies
- Compare the representation of Native Americans in 'Smoke Signal' by Chris Eyre to 'Alone Yet Not Alone' by Ray Bengston and George Escobar.
- Then, consider:
- What characters are the focus of each film?
- What is the attitude towards Native Americans?
- What stereotypes are upheld in each film? Stereotypes can be used to exoticize groups - is this idea apparent in the films?
- Whose point of view is represented?
- Who directed these movies and who acted in them?
- Design a video, podcast, or website to present your findings and inform others about how Native Americans are portrayed in movies.
Activity 2: Design a Film or TV Show about Native Americans' Influence on U.S. Government
- Explore the following resources:
- Then, write a script for a movie or television show that portrays Native Americans accurately and showcases how Native American government shaped the U.S. government.
- Consider:
- What is the name and setting of the movie or show?
- Who are the main characters and what are their lives like?
- What is the primary issue or conflict in your story?
Activity 3: Research & Redesign the First American History of the Place Where You Live Today
- Our college, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, is built on the lands and waters of the Kwinitekw Valley, home to the Nonotuck peoples and all their relations. Who were the First Americans who lived where you now live?
- Analyze how local websites (e.g., school website, town/city council website) and history materials (e.g., guidebooks and tourist promotion materials; school system curriculum) present First Americans who were the original owners of the land on which you live today.
- What imagery, if any, do they use to portray First Americans? Are the images positive or negative? What is emphasized in the images? What is left out?
- What language is used to describe First Americans? Is the language positive or negative? What information is presented? What information is left out?
- Then, complete one of the following tasks:
- Design or redesign a historical webpage for your school/town to present an accurate representation of the First Americans who made your community their homelands.
- Design an Augmented Reality Exhibit (see "Walk of Notables" and Kinfolk AR App) or Interactive Map Tour featuring the hidden histories and untold stories of Native Americans in your community.
Activity 4: Propose a Culturally and Historically Fair School Mascot
- Question: How can Native American peoples and cultures be fairly represented in school mascots or names?
- Action: Propose a local school district or state government action or policy to create an inclusive mascot and imagery for a school. Would you support any of the following steps?
- Allow communities to decide to keep or eliminate school mascots by voting.
- Support state-wide legislation to eliminate Native American mascots in all public schools.
- Let teachers and students make decisions about mascots voluntarily.
- Have school administrators and school committees make decisions about mascot policies.
- Require Native American studies as part of the history/social studies curriculum in elementary, middle and high schools.
- Resources
Additional Resources
Connecting to the Standards
- Massachusetts Civics & Government Standards
- Analyze the evidence for arguments that the principles of the system of government of the United States were influenced by the governments of Native Peoples (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History and Social Studies) [8.T1.5]
- AP U.S. History
- Key Concept 1.1
- Key Concept 3.2
- ISTE Standards
- Digital Citizen
- 2c: Students demonstrate an understanding of and respect for the rights and obligations of using and sharing intellectual property.
- Knowledge Constructor
- 3a: Students plan and employ effective research strategies to locate information and other resources for their intellectual or creative pursuits.
- 3b: Students evaluate the accuracy, perspective, credibility and relevance of information, media, data, or other resources.
- 3d: Students build knowledge by actively exploring real-world issues and problems, developing ideas and theories and pursuing answers and solutions.
- Creative Communicator
- 6a: Students choose the appropriate platforms and tools for meeting the desired objectives of their creation or communication.
- 6b: Students create original works or responsibly repurpose or remix digital resources into new creations.
- 6d: Students publish or present content that customizes the message and medium for the intended audiences.
- DLCS Standards
- Ethics and Laws (CAS.b)
- Interpersonal and Societal Impact (CAS.c)
- Digital Tools (DTC.a)
- Collaboration and Communication (DTC.b)
- Research (DTC.c)
- English Language Arts > History/Social Studies Common Core Standards
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.6
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.7
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.8
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.9-10.6
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.9-10.9
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.6
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.7
- CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.11-12.8
- English/Language Arts Common Core Standards
