19.6: Resources and References

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Review

Key Points

Our current understanding of conflict transformation as applied to peace processes is not well-developed.
Conflict transformation involves both negative and positive peace; without positive peace in the form of economic opportunity and economic justice its chances of success are limited.
Conflicts often implicate identities, and identities consist of narratives that may reflect who people are in relation to the conflict; new identities and narratives that are inclusive are critical to transforming conflict.
Acknowledging and engaging dialogue about grievances is important in transforming conflict, but it is not enough without addressing the need for positive peace.
Without transforming conflicts, despair can undermine negative peace.

Extension Activities & Further Research

Choose one of the conflicts covered in this chapter and:

Propose amendments to or an alternative agreement at the time of the peace agreements or, in the case of South Africa, to the new constitution and/or accompanying laws.
Show how your alternative or amendments remedy deficiencies as the process has played out over the next several decades.
Suggest how international organisations or non-governmental organisations could play a supporting role in achieving conflict transformation.

List of Terms

See Glossary for full list of terms and definitions.

alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
African National Congress (ANC)
Alliance Party
apartheid
asymmetrical peace agreements
asymmetry of power
Bosnia
Brexit
conflict management
conflict resolution
conflict transformation
de facto socio-economic segretation
formal dwellings
hudna
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous-settler relations
informal housing
intifada
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
nationalist (Northern Ireland)
negative peace
Norther Ireland Women’s Coalition (NIWC)
Operation Defensive Shield
peace process
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
positive peace
Progressive Unionist Party (PUP)
retributive justice
secession
shanty towns
Shin Bet
Sinn Féin
Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP)
sulha
townships
the Troubles
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)
Ulster Democratic Party (UDP)
Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
unionists
West Bank
white supremacist government

References

Adwan, S., Bar-On, D., Naveh, E., & Peace Research Institute in the Middle East. (Eds.). (2012). Side by side: Parallel histories of Israel-Palestine. The New Press.

Arens, M. (2013, March 4). Tear down this wall. Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.pre...ence-1.5232455

BBC News. (2010, July 28). Northern Ireland’s grand plan to tackle sectarianism. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-10786657

Burton, J. W. (1990a). Conflict: Resolution and prevention. St. Martin’s Press.

Burton, J. W. (Ed.). (1990b). Conflict: Human needs theory. Palgrave Macmillan.

Burton, J. W. (1993). Conflict resolution as a political philosophy. In D. J. D. Sandole & H. van der Merwe (Eds.), Conflict resolution theory and practice: Integration and application (pp. 55–64). Manchester University Press.

Burton, J. W. (1997). Violence explained: The sources of conflict, violence and crime and their prevention. Manchester University Press.

Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. (2010). Tackling armed violence: Key findings and recommendations of the study on the violent nature of crime in South Africa. https://www.csvr.org.za/publications...n-south-africa

Cochrane, F. (2013). Northern Ireland: The reluctant peace. Yale University Press.

Frazer, O., & Ghettas, L. (Eds.). (2013). Conflict transformation in practice: Approaches to conflict transformation – Lessons from Algeria, Denmark, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Tajikistan and Yemen. Cordoba Now Forum. https://www.cordoue.ch/en/publicatio...on-in-practice

Goodman, P. S. (2017, October 24). End of apartheid in South Africa? Not in economic terms. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/24/b...apartheid.html

Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton University Press.

Gurr, T. R. (1980). Handbook of political conflict: Theory and research. The Free Press.

The Heritage Foundation. (2018). 2020 Index of Economic Freedom: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from https://www.heritage.org/index/count...niaherzegovina

Higgins, A. (2018, November 19). In Bosnia, entrenched ethnic divisions are a warning to the world. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/19/w...tionalism.html

Johnson, R. W. (2015). How long will South Africa survive? The looming crisis. Hurst Publishers.

Kriesberg, L., & Dayton, B. W. (2011). Constructive conflicts: From escalation to resolution (4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.

Lederach, J. P. (2003). Conflict transformation. Beyond Intractability. https://www.beyondintractability.org...transformation (Reprinted from The little book of conflict transformation, 2003, Good Books)

McGrellis, S. (2011). Growing up in Northern Ireland. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/growin...rthern-ireland

Myre, G. (2014, May 6). 20 years after apartheid, South Africa asks, ‘How are we doing?’ National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/sections/paralle...w-are-we-doing

Nardelli, A., Dzidic, D., & Jukic, E. (2014, October 8). Bosnia and Herzegovina: The world’s most complicated system of government? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/dat...-of-government

Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service. (2011). 2011 census analysis. http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/publi...sis/index.aspx

Pennington, S. (2019). South Africa fast facts. South Africa: The Good News. https://www.sagoodnews.co.za/sa-fast-facts/

Radio Free Europe & Radio Liberty. (2018, January 9). Defying court ban, Republika Srpska goes ahead with ‘Statehood Day’. https://www.rferl.org/a/republika-sr.../28964699.html

RFE & RL. (2018, December 14). Lawmakers in Kosovo approve creation of army, inflaming tensions with Serbia. https://www.rferl.org/a/kosovo-parli.../29655480.html

Richardson, L. F. (1960). Statistics of deadly quarrels. Boxwood Press.

Rummel, R. J. (1975). Understanding conflict and war. John Wiley & Sons.

Rummel, R. J. (1977). Conflict in perspective (Understanding conflict and war). Sage Publications.

Small, M., & Singer, J. D. (1982). Resort to arms: International and civil wars, 1816–1980. Sage Publications.

Statistics South Africa. (2016). General household survey 2015 (Statistical release P0318). http:/www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0318/P03182015.pdf

Trebincevic, K., & Shapiro, S. (2014). The Bosnia list: A memoir of war, exile, and return. Penguin Books.

United Nations Resident Coordinator’s Office in Bosnia and Herzegovina. (2013). Public opinion poll results: Analitical (sic) report. www.undp.org/content/dam/unct/bih/PDFs/Prism%20Research%20for%20UN%20RCO_Statistical%20report.pdf

Wainwright, O. (2014, April 30). Apartheid ended 20 years ago, so why is Cape Town still ‘a paradise for the few’? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2...w-south-africa

Whitaker, B. (2002, August 2). UN report details West Bank wreckage. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/02/israel

White, B. (2018, October 1). Polls suggest gradual shift to united Ireland. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/p...land-1.3645214

World Population Review. (2020). South Africa population 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2019, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/cou...ca-population/

Zhoughbi, Z., & Rainey, D. (Eds.). (2013). Sulha: Community based mediation in Palestine. Hollistic Solutions.

Review

Extension Activities & Further Research

List of Terms

Suggested Reading

References