Summary
Section #11.1: What is Political Violence?
Political violence is a form of violence. Political violence occurs when the use of physical harm is motivated by political intentions. It is differentiated from criminal violence, which generally is not motivated by politics. Several types of political violence exist. Intrastate violence occurs within a country, whereas transnational violence occurs across countries. Political violence can also be divided into two categorie. The first is internal sponsored political violence, or when a government uses violence against its own citizens. The second is external sponsored political violence, or when a government uses violence against foreign citizens.
Section #11.2: State-Sponsored Political Violence
States have a monopoly on the use of violence, which means only states have the authority to use violence, when necessary. State-sponsored political violence can be divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal state-sponsored political violence is also called government terrorism and occurs when a government officially sanctions violence against an internal threat or enemy. External state-sponsored political violence has also been called state-sponsored terrorism. Different models of state-sponsored political violence exist, either through active or tacit support.
Section #11.3: Non-state Political Violence
Non-state actors also participate in political violence. Insurgents can participate in rebellions and civil wars. These non-state actors are also referred to as guerillas and sometimes terrorists, given the tactics that they use. Insurgents and/or guerillas are often motivated by grievances, where political violence along communal lines is jointly a product of deep-seated grievances about the status of the group. Terrorist action can be explained through psychological or rational approaches. Finally, revolutions are when the public seizes the state in order to overturn the existing government. Revolutions are often violent as the existing regime opposes such action. Nonviolent revolutions can also occur, usually when a nonviolent movement succeeds in its goals.
Section #11.4: How Does Political Violence End? Post-Conflict Strategies
There are various arguments on how political violence ends. In general, civil wars that end in a negotiated settlement have a higher chance of experiencing a renewed war in relation to the wars that end in a decisive victory. Negotiated settlements are defined as successful discussions between combatants where an agreement is reached to end political violence. Sometimes, a third-party guarantor is needed to enforce the negotiated settlement. Peacekeeping forces are a good example of a third-party guarantor, which can be either through consent or without consent. Sometimes, peacebuilding is used instead, especially when institutions need to be rebuilt.
Section #11.5: Comparative Case Study - Conflict Termination: Bangladesh and Turkey
The presence of a low-intensity conflict (LIC) can lead to a resumption of a full scale conflict. When a government uses indiscriminate violence, or random violence, against insurgents, it leads those who prefer peace to instead support the insurgents. This is what happened in Turkey, with their Kurdish minority, where even though the leader of the PKK was captured, the group still remains popular. Alternatively, if a government uses selective violence in their counterinsurgency strategy, only targeting those who actively participate in political violence, then a negotiated settlement is possible. This is what occurred in Bangladesh, when the government did not target ordinary Jumma people, who did not feel compelled to to fight back.
Review Questions
- What is political violence?
- Political violence is the deliberate infliction of harm on people.
- The use of physical force to exert power.
- Occurs when the use of physical harm is motivated by political intentions.
- Violence that wholly or largely occurs within a state or country.
- State-sponsored political violence has also been referred to as:
- Government terrorism (when it is within a state or internal)
- State-sponsored terrorism (when it is outside or external)
- Both responses are correct
- Neither response is correct.
- Which answer below is not an example of non-state political violence?
- Civil war
- Insurgency
- Guerilla warfare
- Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
- Negotiated settlements
- are defined as an external force that can enforce the provisions of a negotiated settlement.
- are defined as successful discussions between combatants where an agreement is reached to end political violence.
- are defined as an external force that can enforce the provisions of a negotiated settlement.
- are defined as accessible natural resources, such as oil, minerals and precious metals that can confer wealth on those who own, mine or transport them.
- Which response below is NOT correct?
- Indiscriminate violence by a government’s forces can lead to a resumption of conflict with insurgents.
- Indiscriminate violence by a government’s forces can also be referred to as selective violence.
- Indiscriminate violence by a government’s forces can be part of a country’s counterinsurgency strategy
- Countries can use indiscriminate violence to punish the supporters of an insurgent group.
Answers: 1.c, 2.c, 3.d, 4.b, 5.b