11.5: Characteristics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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The DSM includes specific characteristics that are used to diagnose an individual with ADHD. The characteristics associated with ADHD vary by age. Young children typically demonstrate excessive gross motor behavior associated with hyperactivity, such as the inability to stay seated in the classroom. They may also seem fidgety or restless and may be unable to complete tasks. In addition, some students may appear to be engaged but are not attending to the task. These students, more often girls, are underdiagnosed in the early elementary grades (Quinn & Madhoo, 2014). During adolescents, signs of hyperactivity become less common, but students may still experience restlessness or impatience (DSM-5-TR, 2022). Research has shown that as children age, the hyperactivity–impulsivity characteristics tend to decrease, but the inattentive characteristics remain. This results in academic challenges as students are required to engage in more challenging and independent work as they age. In addition, some students with ADHD may experience relationship difficulties. For example, students with ADHD may experience difficulty regulating their emotions or identifying emotions in others, which inhibits relationship building (Smiley et al., 2022).
Coexistence With Other Exceptionalities
The coexistence, or comorbidity, of ADHD with other exceptionalities is well documented. These include psychological disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and anxiety and depressive disorders. In addition, approximately 20 to 30% of students with ADHD also have a specific learning disability (LDA, 2022).
Quinn, P. O. & Madoo, M. (2014). A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: Uncovering this hidden diagnosis. https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/neurodevelopmental/adhd/review-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-women/
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed. Text Revision). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Smiley, L. R., Richards, S.B., & Taylor, R. (2022). Exceptional students: Preparing teachers for the 21st century (4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Learning Disabilities Association of America. (2022). Affects focus, attention and behavior and can make learning challenging. https://ldaamerica.org/disabilities/adhd/