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10.E: Emotion and Motivation (Exercises)

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    10.1: Motivation

    Review Questions

    Q1

    Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

    1. achievement
    2. affiliation
    3. intimacy
    4. power

    Q2

    ________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.

    1. William James
    2. David McClelland
    3. Abraham Maslow
    4. Albert Bandura

    Q3

    ________ is an individual’s belief in her capability to complete some task.

    1. physiological needs
    2. self-esteem
    3. self-actualization
    4. self-efficacy

    Q4

    Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for \(\$20\). What type of motivation is this?

    1. extrinsic
    2. intrinsic
    3. drive
    4. biological

    Critical Thinking Questions

    Q5

    How might someone espousing an arousal theory of motivation explain visiting an amusement park?

    Q6

    Schools often use concrete rewards to increase adaptive behaviors. How might this be a disadvantage for students intrinsically motivated to learn? What are educational implications of the potential for concrete rewards to diminish intrinsic motivation for a given task?

    Personal Application Question

    Q7

    Can you think of recent examples of how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs might have affected your behavior in some way?

    Solution

    S1

    B

    S2

    C

    S3

    D

    S4

    A

    S5

    The idea of optimal levels of arousal is similar to a drive theory of motivation. Presumably, we all seek to maintain some intermediate level of arousal. If we are underaroused, we are bored. If we are overaroused, we experience stress. The rides at an amusement park would provide higher arousal (however, we would hope that these rides don’t actually pose significant threats to personal safety that would lead to a state of panic) to push us toward our own optimal level of arousal. Individuals at the park would choose different rides based on their specific arousal thresholds; for example, one person might find a simple water ride optimally arousing and an extreme roller coaster overarousing, while others would find the extreme roller coaster optimally arousing.

    S6

    We would expect to see a shift from learning for the sake of learning to learning to earn some reward. This would undermine the foundation upon which traditional institutions of higher education are built. For a student motivated by extrinsic rewards, dependence on those may pose issues later in life (post-school) when there are not typically extrinsic rewards for learning.

    10.2: Hunger and Eating

    Review Questions

    Q1

    According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.

    1. one half
    2. one third
    3. one fourth
    4. one fifth

    Q2

    ________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant.

    1. orexin
    2. angiotensin
    3. leptin
    4. ghrelin

    Q3

    ________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.

    1. Prader-Willi syndrome
    2. morbid obesity
    3. anorexia nervosa
    4. bulimia nervosa

    Q4

    In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ________.

    1. less than \(25\)
    2. \(25-29.9\)
    3. \(30-39.9\)
    4. \(40\) or more

    Critical Thinking Questions

    Q5

    The index that is often used to classify people as being underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese, or morbidly obese is called BMI. Given that BMI is calculated solely on weight and height, how could it be misleading?

    Q6

    As indicated in this section, Caucasian women from industrialized, Western cultures tend to be at the highest risk for eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Why might this be?

    Personal Application Question

    Q7

    Think about popular television programs on the air right now. What do the women in these programs look like? What do the men look like? What kinds of messages do you think the media is sending about men and women in our society?

    Solution

    S1

    B

    S2

    C

    S3

    D

    S4

    D

    S5

    Using BMI as a sole metric can actually be misleading because people who have large amounts of lean muscle mass can actually be characterized as being overweight or obese based on their height and weight. Weight versus height is a somewhat crude measurement as it doesn’t distinguish the amount of body weight that comes from lean versus fatty tissue.

    S6

    These disorders are closely associated with sociocultural emphasis on a thin-ideal that is often portrayed in media. Given that non-Caucasians are under-represented in popular media in the West and that the thin-ideal is more heavily emphasized for women, this particular group is most vulnerable.

    10.3: Sexual Behavior

    Review Questions

    Q1

    Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so.

    1. nucleus accumbens
    2. amygdala
    3. medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus
    4. hippocampus

    Q2

    During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men.

    1. excitement
    2. plateau
    3. orgasm
    4. resolution

    Q3

    Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study?

    1. Sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions.
    2. Females enjoy sex as much as males.
    3. Homosexual behavior is fairly common.
    4. Masturbation has no adverse consequences.

    Q4

    If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.

    1. homosexuality
    2. bisexuality
    3. heterosexuality
    4. gender dysphoria

    Critical Thinking Questions

    Q5

    While much research has been conducted on how an individual develops a given sexual orientation, many people question the validity of this research citing that the participants used may not be representative. Why do you think this might be a legitimate concern?

    Q6

    There is no reliable scientific evidence that gay conversion therapy actually works. What kinds of evidence would you need to see in order to be convinced by someone arguing that she had successfully converted her sexual orientation?

    Personal Application Question

    Q7

    Issues related to sexual orientation have been at the forefront of the current political landscape. What do you think about current debates on legalizing same-sex marriage?

    Solution

    S1

    C

    S2

    C

    S3

    A

    S4

    D

    S5

    Given the stigma associated with being non-heterosexual, participants who openly identify as homosexual or bisexual in research projects may not be entirely representative of the non-heterosexual population as a whole.

    S6

    Answers will vary, but it should be indicated that something more than self-reports of successful conversion would be necessary to support such a claim. Longitudinal, objective demonstrations of a real switch in both erotic attraction and the actual behavior in which the individual engaged would need to be presented in addition to assurances that this type of therapy was safe.

    10.4: Emotion

    Review Questions

    Q1

    Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.

    1. amygdala
    2. hippocampus
    3. hypothalamus
    4. thalamus

    Q2

    According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

    1. James-Lange
    2. Cannon-Bard
    3. Schachter-Singer two-factor
    4. Darwinian

    Q3

    Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter?

    1. contempt
    2. disgust
    3. melancholy
    4. anger

    Q4

    Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?

    1. Cannon-Bard theory
    2. James-Lange theory
    3. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
    4. Darwinian theory

    Critical Thinking Questions

    Q5

    Imagine you find a venomous snake crawling up your leg just after taking a drug that prevented sympathetic nervous system activation. What would the James-Lange theory predict about your experience?

    Q6

    Why can we not make causal claims regarding the relationship between the volume of the hippocampus and PTSD?

    Personal Application Question

    Q7

    Think about times in your life when you have been absolutely elated (e.g., perhaps your school’s basketball team just won a closely contested ballgame for the national championship) and very fearful (e.g., you are about to give a speech in your public speaking class to a roomful of 100 strangers). How would you describe how your arousal manifested itself physically? Were there marked differences in physiological arousal associated with each emotional state?

    Solution

    S1

    B

    S2

    A

    S3

    C

    S4

    B

    S5

    The James-Lange theory would predict that I would not feel fear because I haven’t had the physiological arousal necessary to induce that emotional state.

    S6

    The research that exists is correlational in nature. It could be the case that reduced hippocampal volume predisposes people to develop PTSD or the decreased volume could result from PTSD. Causal claims can only be made when performing an experiment.

    Contributors and Attributions

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