3: Etiology and Treatment of Mental Disorders
- Page ID
- 219748
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 3.1: Why It Matters- Etiology and Treatment
- This page outlines the Ocean Therapy program at Camp Pendleton, integrating surfing and group discussions to aid veterans with PTSD. It delves into the causes of mental disorders and underscores the need for diverse therapeutic approaches—biological, psychological, and social—to effectively address mental health issues.
- 3.2: Introduction to Multidimensional Models of Psychopathology
- This page highlights the necessity of multidimensional models in understanding the complexity of mental disorders, moving beyond simplistic explanations like supernatural causes or chemical imbalances. It advocates for a systemic approach that incorporates various interacting factors to effectively address and treat these issues. Emphasizing this complexity helps reduce stigma and improves treatment outcomes, offering foundational insights into psychologists' perspectives on mental health.
- 3.3: Multidimensional Approaches to Understanding Mental Illness
- This page discusses the biopsychosocial model of mental disorders, highlighting the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors influencing mental health. It explains the diathesis-stress model, which reveals how genetic vulnerability combined with environmental stress can lead to disorders, while also noting the role of protective factors.
- 3.4: Biological Elements of Psychopathology
- This page explores the biological underpinnings of mental disorders, highlighting the significance of genetics, brain structures, and neurotransmitters. It introduces polygenic inheritance and the omnigenic model, illustrating how multiple genes influence conditions like depression and schizophrenia. Twin studies affirm the heritability of personality traits, while environmental factors also play a role.
- 3.5: The Brain and Psychopathology
- This page explores the roles of the brain and endocrine system in mental disorders through a neuroscience lens, detailing the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems and their impact on behavior. It highlights the four lobes of the forebrain: frontal (reasoning and language), parietal (sensory processing), temporal (hearing and language comprehension), and occipital (visual processing).
- 3.6: Biomedical Therapies
- This page discusses the impact of drug metabolism on medication responses in mental health treatment, highlighting the need for personalized medicine and genetic testing despite cost barriers. It covers various psychotropic medications and brain stimulation therapies, including unilateral ECT, rTMS, MST, VNS, and DBS, emphasizing their benefits and risks.
- 3.7: Introduction to Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches to Psychopathology
- This page compares psychodynamic and humanistic approaches to mental illness with biomedical perspectives, emphasizing Sigmund Freud's role in founding psychodynamic theory. While many of Freud's ideas are considered outdated, his treatment methods continue to shape modern psychotherapy. The goal is to examine important concepts and therapeutic techniques linked to these psychological approaches.
- 3.8: The Psychoanalytic Model
- This page explores Freud's theories on the unconscious mind, personality development, and psychosexual stages, outlining five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. It discusses the id, ego, superego, and the impact of early childhood experiences on relationships and mental representations. While some of Freud's ideas lack empirical support, they have significantly shaped psychology, influencing psychodynamic theories and introducing defense mechanisms like repression and projection.
- 3.9: Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies
- This page explores psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies, highlighting their roots in Freud's theories and focus on unconscious conflicts. It discusses the evolution of psychotherapy, including various approaches like play, humanistic, behavior, and cognitive therapies. The text emphasizes Heinz Kohut's self psychology, the importance of the mother-child relationship, and different therapy forms, including traditional and brief psychodynamic therapies.
- 3.10: Humanistic and Existential Models
- This page highlights the humanistic approach to psychopathology, advocating for the innate potential for good in individuals, as championed by figures like Maslow and Rogers. It focuses on person-centered therapy (PCT), emphasizing self-actualization, active listening, and unconditional positive regard, while acknowledging the need for further research into PCT’s effectiveness.
- 3.11: Introduction to Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Psychopathology
- This page discusses key principles of behaviorism and cognitive psychology, highlighting their focus on learned behaviors and mental information processing, respectively. It also analyzes the integration of these approaches to improve the understanding of psychological phenomena.
- 3.12: The Behavioral Model
- This page examines the behavioral approach to psychopathology, emphasizing observable behavior over unconscious processes, as articulated by early behaviorists like Watson and Skinner. Key concepts include classical and operant conditioning, which shape behaviors and influence mental health, particularly in anxiety and addictions.
- 3.13: Behavior Therapy
- This page discusses therapeutic techniques for managing anxiety, focusing on Jayden's elevator phobia through systematic desensitization and relaxation methods. It highlights the use of exposure therapy, including virtual reality, for various anxiety disorders such as PTSD.
- 3.14: The Cognitive Model
- This page explores the cognitive approach to psychopathology, focusing on therapies like rational-emotive-behavioral therapy (REBT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It discusses the evolution from behaviorism to cognitive psychology and highlights key figures like Adler, Ellis, and Beck. REBT and CBT target irrational beliefs and automatic negative thoughts, improving emotional well-being through a focus on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
- 3.15: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
- This page provides an overview of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), highlighting its focus on the interplay between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, and its effectiveness in treating mental disorders like depression and anxiety. It emphasizes the interactive nature and active client participation in the process.
- 3.16: Integrative and Emerging Therapies
- This page discusses various psychotherapy types and the decision-making process clients undergo when choosing therapists, emphasizing evidence-based treatments and client characteristics for effective outcomes. It highlights the importance of the client-therapist relationship, explores eclectic therapies, and advocates for combining psychotherapy with medication. Additionally, it touches on the rising trend of mindfulness and emerging therapies like internet-delivered treatments.
- 3.17: Introduction to Modalities and Culture
- This page outlines treatment options for psychopathology, emphasizing the need for a tailored approach using psychotherapy, medication, or both. It covers various psychotherapy forms like group and family therapy, highlighting the importance of cultural awareness and therapist competence in building effective therapeutic relationships and achieving successful outcomes.
- 3.18: Treatment Modalities
- This page outlines various treatment modalities for mental health disorders, emphasizing individual, group, couples, and family therapies tailored to specific needs. It discusses schizophrenia treatment, highlighting psychoeducation and different care environments, including inpatient and outpatient settings.
- 3.19: The Sociocultural Perspective and Cultural Competence
- This page emphasizes the importance of cultural competence in mental health treatment, focusing on how cultural backgrounds influence understanding and access to care. It highlights barriers faced by ethnic minorities, including stigma and lack of resources, particularly within the Korean American community. The text addresses the negative perceptions of mental health issues and the need for therapists to recognize their biases.
- 3.20: Putting It Together- Etiology, Models, and Therapies
- This page explores the complexity of mental disorders and critiques unidimensional explanations. It advocates for the biopsychosocial model, integrating biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. The chapter reviews various therapeutic approaches, including psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, and integrative therapies, as well as emphasizes the importance of cultural competence in therapy.