10.7: Conclusion, Glossary, References

Conclusion

Remember that in order to convince an audience and appear credible, you will need to offer support for each of your ideas. Gathering testimony from experienced and expert individuals will lend excitement and credibility to your speech. Combining testimony with resources from the library, such as books, periodicals, and reference material, will help you backup your ideas. Examining credible Internet resources can also enhance your speech by yielding the most up-to-date evidence for the points you hope to make. With so much information available it is possible to support almost any idea. However, you will need to take care to ensure that you offer the highest quality and most credible support. Do this by gathering a variety of sources and comparing the information to make sure the support is consistent across sources, and that you have accounted for any possible contradictory information. As you integrate the sources into your speech, remember to ask: “Does this evidence support my specific purpose statement?” and “Is this evidence appropriate for my audience?” Also, don’t forget to offer written and oral attribution for each idea. Using the various resources available you will likely find more evidence than you can possibly incorporate into one speech. These questions will assist you as you refine your support and craft the most compelling speech possible.

Review Questions and Activities

Review Questions

1. For each of the claims below, identify the most compelling form of evidence that the speaker might offer. List as many as you can think of.
   1. Photo-retouching alters our perspective on beauty.
   2. The Internet is an effective protest tool.
   3. Body scanners in airports are detrimental to our health.
2. You are giving a speech about the importance of legislation banning text messaging while driving. You want to offer diverse support for your argument that the legislation is necessary. What research tools would you use to find the following forms of evidence?
   1. A personal narrative concerning the effects of texting while driving.
   2. An academic study concerning the effects of texting while driving.
   3. Existing legislation regarding cell phone use in automobiles.
   4. A visual aid for your speech.
3. Checking the quality of your evidence is an important step in refining support for your argument. What are three elements that you should look for when determining source quality? Why is each element necessary?
4. You are giving a speech about bed bugs. You point out that bed bugs are a common pest that can be found almost anywhere. You have found a variety of sources for your speech including a bed bug registry website where people can report seeing bed bugs in hotels, an encyclopedia entry on bed bugs, a blog containing pictures and personal testimony about an experience with bed bugs, a scientific study on the conditions under which bed bugs thrive, and a psychological study concerning the way that people are conditioned to respond to the sight of bugs in their bed. Which of these is the most credible source to support your point? Why?
5. The following is an excerpt from John F. Kennedy’s 1963 Civil Rights Address. Read the excerpt, and offer your own paraphrase of his ideas without incorporating any direct quotations from the text:

I hope that every American, regardless of where he lives, will stop and examine his conscience about this and other related incidents. This Nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds. It was founded on the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened (Kennedy, 1963).

6. Imagine you are giving a speech on __________ [fill in the blank]. Write a potential specific purpose statement. Then identify three types of research that you would integrate in order to offer balanced and compelling support for your statement.

Activities

1. Get to know your library. Use your library website to determine the name of the librarian who works with your major, or in the area of your speech topic. This activity is not designed for you to get the librarian to do your work for you, but rather for you to get to know the librarian better and make them a partner in your research process.
2. Using the topics below, or your own speech topic, practice developing productive search terms. Begin by brainstorming synonyms for the topic. Then, consider other concepts that are closely related to the topic. Using those terms, conduct a preliminary search in the search engine of your choice. Skim the content on the 3-5 most promising results and highlight common terms and phrases that appear on each page. Those common terms and phrases should help you narrow your searches as you move forward with your research.
   1. National Security
   2. Alternative Energy
   3. Economic Stability
   4. Media Piracy
   5. Privacy
   6. Local Events
3. Using one of the topics listed in the previous activity, conduct a search on the topic using identical search terms in Google Images, Google Scholar, and Google Books. For each search, identify the source that you think would best support a speech on the topic. Cite each source using a consistent style guide (MLA, APA, or Chicago), and offer your evaluation of the sources’ relevance, quality, and credibility.
4. Watch Stephen Colbert’s report concerning Wikipedia or search “wikiality” if the link does not work (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20PlHx_JjEo). Using research that you have found on your speech topic, update the Wikipedia page for your topic. Be careful not to replicate the errors that Colbert discusses. Offer only accurate information, and cite the source where support for your entry can be found.

Glossary

Bias

The predisposition toward a particular viewpoint.

Boolean Operators

Words and symbols that illustrate the relationship between search terms and help the search engine expand or limit results.

Expert Testimony

Testimony that comes from a recognized authority who has conducted extensive research on an issue.

Interlibrary Loan

The process of borrowing materials through one library that belong to another library.

Lay Testimony

Any testimony based on witnesses’ opinions or perceptions in a given case

Parity

Similarity of information across sources.

Personal Testimony

An individual’s story concerning his or her lived experience, which can be used to illustrate the existence of a particular event or phenomenon.

Search Engine

Software which uses algorithms to scan an index of existing Internet content for particular terms, and then ranks the results based on their relevance.

Source Credibility

Signs that a person is offering trustworthy information.

Style Guide

An established set of standards for formatting written documents and citing sources for information within the document.

References

• American Society of Magazine Editors. (2011). 2011 National Magazine Awards, Winners, and Finalists. Retrieved from: www.magazine.org/asme/magazin...s/nma_winners/
• BBC. (2012). What are “Boolean operators?” WebWise: A Beginner’s Guide to Using the Internet. Retrieved from: www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/boolean-operators
• Beebe, S.A. & Beebe, S.J. (2003). Public speaking: An audience centered approach. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
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• Clinton, H. (2012, February 4). [Address]. Clinton’s remarks at the Friends of Syrian People meeting, February 2012. [Transcript]. Retrieved from: www.cfr.org/syria/clintons-remarks-friends-syrian-people-meeting-february- 2012/p27482
• eBizMBA. (2012). Top 15 Most Popular Search Engines: January 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/search-engines
• Federal Rules of Evidence. (2012). Federal Evidence Review. Retrieved from: federalevidence.com/rules-of-evidence#Rule701.
• Fisher, W. R. (1984). Narration as a human communication paradigm: The case of public moral argument. Communication Monographs, 51, pp.1-22.
• Gladding, S.T. & Drake Wallace, M.J. (2010). The potency and power of counseling stories. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 5, pp. 15-24.
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• Harris-Perry, M.V. (2011). Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
• Jobs, S. (2005, 14 June). “You’ve gotta find what you love,” Jobs says. Stanford Report. Retrieved from: http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html Kennedy, J.F. (1963, 11 June). Civil Rights Address. Retrieved from: http://www.americanrhetoric.com/spee...ivilrights.htm
• Leckie, G.J. (1996). Desperately seeking citations: Uncovering faculty assumptions about the undergraduate research process. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 22(3), p. 201-208.
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• National Sleep Foundation. (2011). School start time and sleep. Retrieved from: http://www.sleepfoundation.org/artic...time-and-sleep
• Obama, B. (2009, September 8). [Address]. Prepared remarks of President Barack Obama: Back to school event, Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved from: www.whitehouse.gov/MediaResou...dSchoolRemarks
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• Parse, R. R. (2008). Truth for the moment: Personal testimony as evidence. Nursing Science Quarterly, 21(1), pp. 45-48.
• Pollan, M. (2009). In defense of food: An eater’s manifesto. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
• Rozin, P. & Fallon, A. (1988). Body image, attitudes to weight, and misperceptions of figure preferences of the opposite sex: A comparison of men and women in two generations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), pp. 342-345.
• Sjoberg, L.M. & Ahlfeldt, S.L. (2010). Bridging the gap: Integrating information literacy into communication courses. Communication Teacher, 24(3), pp. 131-135.
• Tajane, T. (2011). Most used search engines and total market share trend as of March 2011. TechZoom.org. Retrieved from: http://techzoom.org/most-used-search-engines- and-total-market-share-trend-as-of-march-2011/
• Zarefsky, D. (2005). Public Speaking: Strategies for Success (Special Ed. for The Pennsylvania State University). Boston, MA: Pearson.

Contributors and Attributions

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