References for Media
- Page ID
- 288698
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Anderson, Craig. 2003. “Violent Video Games: Myths, Facts and Unanswered Questions.” American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa.../anderson.aspx.
Anderson, Monica, and Andrew Perrin. 2018. “Nearly One-in-Five Teens Can’t Always Finish Their Homework Because of the Digital Divide.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/26/nearly-one-in-five-teens-cant-always-finish-their-homework-because-of-the-digital-divide/.
Anderson, Craig, and B.J. Bushman. 2001. “Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature.” Psychological Science 12: 353–359.
Bagdikian, Ben H. 2004. The New Media Monopoly. Boston, MA: Beacon Press Books.
BBC News. 2019. “United States Profile–Media.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16757497.
Botelho, Greg. 2012. “Seventeen Defends Photoshopping Controversy.” CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2012/07/05/us/seventeen-photoshopping
Brasted, Monica. 2010. “Care Bears vs. Transformers: Gender Stereotypes in Advertisements.” http://www.sociology.org/media-studi...advertisements.
CNBC. 2020. “Apple, US States Reach $113 Million Settlement on iPhone Throttling.” https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/18/apple-us-states-reach-113-million-settlement-on-iphone-throttling.html.
CNN. 2012. “Teen Petition Challenges Seventeen Over Photoshopping” [video]. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/05/03/nr-brooke-teen-petitions-seventeen.cnn.
Compaine, B. 2005. “Global Media.” Pp. 97-101 in Living in the Information Age: A New Media Reader Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
Dai, Yao, Zhixuan Zhu, and Wu Yuon Guo. 2025. “The Impact of Advertising on Women’s Self-Perception: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Psychology 15:1430079.
Dellatto, Marisa. 2023. “The World’s Largest Media Companies in 2023: CTeen petitions ‘Seventeen’ to run unaltered photos | CNNomcast and Disney Stay on Top.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2023/06/08/the-worlds-largest-media-companies-in-2023-comcast-and-disney-stay-on-top/.
Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of the Attorney General, State of California. 2025. California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa.
Fanti, Kostas A., Andreas G. Demetriou, and Veronica V. Hawa. 2012. “A Longitudinal Study of Cyberbullying: Examining Risk and Protective Factors.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 9(2): 168–181.
Faverio, Michelle. 2023. “Key Findings About Americans and Data Privacy.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/18/key-findings-about-americans-and-data-privacy/.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). n.d. “What We Do.” https://www.fcc.gov/about-fcc/what-we-do.
Federal Election Commission (FEC). 2025. “Statistical Summary of 24-Month Campaign Activity of the 2023-2024 Election Cycle.” FEC Updates. https://www.fec.gov/updates/statistical-summary-of-24-month-campaign-activity-of-the-2023-2024-election-cycle/.
Federal Trade Commission (FTC). n.d. “Children’s Online Privacy Protection Rule (COPPA).” FTC Legal Library. https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/rules/childrens-online-privacy-protection-rule-coppa.
Foucault, Michel. 1975. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Fox, Jesse, and Jeremy Bailenson. 2009. “Virtual Virgins and Vamps: The Effects of Exposure to Female Characters’ Sexualized Appearance and Gaze in an Immersive Virtual Environment.” Sex Roles 61:147–157.General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). 2025. “What Is the GDPR?” https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr/.
Gentile, Douglas, Lindsay Mathieson, and Nikki Crick. 2011. “Media Violence Associations with the Form and Function of Aggression among Elementary School Children.” Social Development 20: 213–232.
Gerbner, George. 1994. “Reclaiming Our Cultural Mythology.” The Ecology of Justice. Context Institute. http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC38/Gerbner.htm.
Greitemeyer, Tobias. 2019. “The Contagious Impact of Playing Violent Video Games on Aggression: Longitudinal Evidence.” Aggressive Behavior 45(6): 635–642.
Greitemeyer, Tobias and Dirk O. Mügge. 2014. “Video Games Do Affect Social Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Violent and Prosocial Video Game Play.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40(5): 578–589.
Guarino, Ben. 2025. “What the End of U.S. Net Neutrality Means.” Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-the-end-of-u-s-net-neutrality-means/.
Haskell, Rob. 2017. “Selena Gomez on Instagram Fatigue, Good Mental Health, and Stepping Back From the Limelight.” Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/selena...alth-instagram.
Hawkins, Stephen, Daniel Yudkin, Míriam Juan-Torres, and Tim Dixon. 2018. Hidden Tribes: A Study of America’s Polarized Landscape. New York, NY: More in Common.
Hesse-Biber, Sharlene Nagy. 2007. The Cult of Thinness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Huesmann, L. Rowell, Jessica Moise-Titus, Cheryl-Lynn Podolski, and Leonard D. Eron. 2003. “Longitudinal Relations Between Children’s Exposure to TV Violence and Their Aggressive and Violent Behavior in Young Adulthood: 1977–1992.” Developmental Psychology 39(2): 201–221.
Jan, Mirza. 2009. “Globalization of Media: Key Issues and Dimensions.” European Journal of Scientific Research 29: 66–75.
Kautiainen, S., L. Koivusilta, T. Lintonen, S. M. Virtanen, and A. Rimpelä. 2005. “Use of Information and Communication Technology and Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adolescents.” International Journal of Obesity 29: 925–933.
Kirkpatrick, Emily. 2020. “Lorde Explains Why She Stepped Back from Social Media in 2018.” Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/style/202...avid-interview.
Krahe, Barbara, Ingrid Moller, L. Huesmann, Lucyna Kirwil, Julianec Felber, and Anja Berger. 2011. “Desensitization to Media Violence: Links With Habitual Media Violence Exposure, Aggressive Cognitions, and Aggressive Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100: 630–646.
Lancet Regional Health – Americas. 2023. “Screen Violence: A Real Threat to Mental Health in Children and Adolescents.” Editorial. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10025407/.
Lazerfeld, Paul F. and Robert K. Merton. 1948. “Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action.” The Communication of Ideas. New York: Harper and Bros.
McLuhan, Marshall. 1964. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
McManus, John. 1995. “A Market-Based Model of News Production.” Communication Theory 5: 301–338.
Milillo, Diana. 2008. “Sexuality Sells: A Content Analysis of Lesbian and Heterosexual Women’s Bodies in Magazine Advertisements.” Journal of Lesbian Studies 12(4):381–392.
Prior, Markus. 2005. “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 49(3): 577–592.
ProCon. 2012. “Video Games.” http://videogames.procon.org/.
Rappaport, Richard. 2009. “A Short History of the Digital Divide.” Edutopia. http://www.edutopia.org/digital-generation-divide-connectivity.
Shoemaker, Pamela and Tim Vos. 2009. “Media Gatekeeping.” Pp. 75–89 in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, 2nd ed., edited by D. Stacks and M. Salwen. New York: Routledge.
Taute, H., and Sierra, J. 2014. Brand Tribalism: An Anthropological Perspective. Journal of Product and Brand Management 23(1): 2–15.
Thawanyarat, Kometh, Chandler Hinson, Diego A. Gomez, Mallory Rowley, Yelissa Navarro, Chandler Johnson, and Chelsea M. Venditto. 2023. “A Study of Plastic Surgery Trends With the Rise of Instagram.” Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum 2023: 1-7.
Triana, Lina, René M. Palacios Huatuco, Gianluca Campilgio, and Esteban Liscano. 2024. “Facial Aesthetic Surgery Trends During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global Multicenter Study.” Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 48: 4217–4227.
World Association of Newspapers. 2004. “Newspapers: A Brief History.” http://www.wan-press.org/article.php3?id_article=2821.
We apologize that some sources are missing in this list. The original OER texts that some sections of this chapter come from did not provide a References list. We are working to identify those sources.