1.2: Cultural WEIRDos

Despite its ultimate aim to benefit society, the psychological aspects of culture have historically often been overlooked. This may be because many elements of culture cannot be easily observed. For example, the way that gender roles are learned is a cultural process, as is the way that people think about their own sense of duty toward their family members. Another reason for the lack of focus on culture may be that there has been an overrepresentation of research conducted using human subjects from Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic nations (WEIRD) (Henrich et al., 2010b). Findings from psychology research utilizing primarily W.E.I.R.D. populations are often labeled as universal theories that explain psychological phenomena but are inaccurately, and inappropriately, applied to other cultures (Henrich et al., 2010b; Nielsen et al., 2017).  This may be because research is often conducted in Western colleges and universities which are not always diverse (Uskul et al., 2024).   A critical analytical review found that 96% of psychology research participants came from Western countries, which collectively account for only about 12% of the world’s population (Henrich et al., 2010a). In addition, most psychology researchers have also come from Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic nations, even though the majority of humans do not (Henrich et al., 2010a; Uskul et al., 2024).

Recent research findings revealing that cultures differ in many areas, such as logical reasoning and social values has become increasingly difficult to ignore (Varnum et al., 2010). For example, many studies have shown that Americans, Canadians and western Europeans rely on analytical reasoning strategies, which separate objects from their contexts to explain and predict behavior (Nisbett et al., 2001). Social psychologists refer to the fundamental attribution error or the tendency to explain people’s behavior in terms of internal, inherent personality traits rather than external, situational considerations (e.g. attributing an instance of angry behavior to an angry personality). Outside W.E.I.R.D. cultures, however, this phenomenon is less prominent, as many non-W.E.I.R.D. populations tend to pay more attention to the context in which behavior occurs. Asians tend to reason holistically, for example by considering people’s behavior in terms of their situation; someone’s anger might be viewed as simply a result of an irritating day (Jones, 2010; Nisbett et al., 2005; Nisbett et al, 2001). Yet many long-standing theories of how humans think rely on the prominence of analytical thought (Heinrich, 2010).

By studying only W.E.I.R.D. populations, psychologists fail to account for a substantial amount of diversity of the global population. Applying the findings from W.E.I.R.D. populations to other populations can lead to a miscalculation of psychological theories and may hinder psychologists’ abilities to isolate fundamental cultural characteristics.

A major goal of cultural psychology is to have many and varied cultures contribute to basic psychological theories in order to correct these theories so that they become more relevant to the predictions, descriptions, and explanations of all human behaviors, not just Western ones (Greenfield, 2000; Shweder & Levine, 1984).