3.1: History and Background
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- Erika Gutierrez, Janét Hund, Shaheen Johnson, Carlos Ramos, Lisette Rodriguez, & Joy Tsuhako
- Long Beach City College, Cerritos College, & Saddleback College via ASCCC Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI)
History
Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. Immigration occurs for many reasons, including economic, political, family re-unification, natural disasters, or poverty. Many immigrants came to America to escape religious persecution or dire economic conditions. Most hoped coming to America would provide freedom and opportunity.
Immigration to the United States has been a major source of population growth and cultural change. Different historical periods have brought distinct national groups, races and ethnicities to the United States. During the 17 th century, approximately 175,000 Englishmen migrated to Colonial America. Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America during the 17 th and 18 th centuries arrived as indentured servants. The mid-nineteenth century saw mainly an influx from northern Europe, the early twentieth-century mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe, and post-1965 mostly from Latin America and Asia.
Historical Race/Ethnic Population Demographics in America: A Brief Statistical Overview
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1790—Population 4 million
- 1 person in 30 urban=3.33
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1820—Population 10 million
- 1 Black to 4 whites=25% Black population
- 14000 immigrants per year for decade
- Almost all from England and N. Ireland (Protestants)
- 1 in 20 urban=5%
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1830—Population 13 million
- 1 Black to 5 whites=20 Black population
- 60,000 immigrants in 1832
- 80,000 immigrants in 1837
- Irish Catholics added to mix
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1840—Population 17 million
- 1 in 12 urban=8.33
- 84,000 immigrants
- 1840-1850—immigration1.5 million Europeans
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1850—Population 23 million
- Irish 45% of foreign-born
- Germans 20% of foreign-born
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1850s—immigration2.5 million Europeans
- 2% of the population of NYC were immigrants
- In St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee the foreign-born outnumbered the native-born
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1860—Population 31.5 million
- 26% of the population of free states were urban
- 10 of the population in the South were urban
- Irish immigrant population in America=1.5 million
- German immigrant population in America=1 million
- 1900—Population=76.1 million
- 2002—Population=280 million
- 2010—Population=309 million
For a more striking look at the history of immigration to the United States, please watch the video below by Metrocosm:
Contemporary Immigration
In recent years, immigration has increased substantially which is conveyed in the Figure 3.1.2 below. In 1965, ethnic quotas were removed; these quotas had restricted the number of immigrants allowed from different parts of the world. Immigration doubled between 1965 and 1970, and again between 1970 and 1990. Between 2000 and 2005, nearly 8 million immigrants entered the United States, more than in any other five-year period in the nation’s history. In 2006, the United States accepted more legal immigrants as permanent residents than all other countries in the world combined. Though, as Table 3.1.3 reveals, fewer individuals received their authorized permanent resident status from 2016 through 2018. According to the U. S. and World Population Clock provided by the United States Census Bureau, the most current U. S. population count is 330,065,778 and rising.
Table \(\PageIndex{3}\): Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Region of Birth: Fiscal Years 2016 to 2018 (Data from the United States Department of Homeland Security)
| Region of Birth | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 1,183,505 | 1,127,167 | 1,096,611 |
| Africa | 113,426 | 118,824 | 115,736 |
| Asia | 462,299 | 424,743 | 397,187 |
| Europe | 93,567 | 84,335 | 80,024 |
| North America | 427,293 | 413,650 | 418,991 |
| Oceania | 5,588 | 5,071 | 4,653 |
| South America | 79,608 | 79,076 | 78,869 |
| Unknown | 1,724 | 1,468 | 1,151 |
Recent Immigration Demographics
Until the 1930s most legal immigrants were male. By the 1990s, women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants. Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population of the United States, with people between the ages of 15 and 34 substantially over-represented. Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native-born Americans of the same age.
Immigrants come from all over the world, but a significant number come from Latin America. In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, there were an estimated 500,000 Latinx. The Census Bureau projects that by 2050, one-quarter of the population will be of Hispanic descent. This demographic shift is jointly fueled by higher fertility rates amongst the Latinx population as well as immigration from Latin America.
Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds. This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States.
Table \(\PageIndex{4}\): Selected Characteristics of Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Country of Birth: Fiscal Years 2016 to 2018 (Data from the Department of Homeland Security)
| Country of Birth | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mexico | 174,434 | 170,581 | 161,858 |
| China | 81,772 | 71,565 | 65,214 |
| Cuba | 66,516 | 65,028 | 76,486 |
| India | 64,687 | 60,394 | 59,821 |
| Dominican Republic | 61,161 | 58,520 | 57,413 |
| Philippines | 53,287 | 49,147 | 47,258 |
| Vietnam | 41,451 | 38,231 | 33,834 |
| El Salvador | 23,449 | 25,109 | 28,326 |
| Haiti | 23,584 | 21,824 | 21,360 |
| Jamaica | 23,350 | 21,905 | 20,347 |
Although Europe has been the traditional sending region for immigrants to the U.S., the post WWII era (after 1946) shows a significant increase in migration from Mexico, South and Central America, the Caribbean, and Asia. (Recent data is conveyed in Table 3.1.4 and Figure 3.1.5 above). The latest migration trend also involves people from Africa. Please visit the following websites for more information: Foreign Born Data Tables and The Statistical Abstracts of the United States.
Public Opinion Toward Immigrants
American attitudes toward immigration are markedly ambivalent. American history is rife with examples of anti-immigrant opinion. Benjamin Franklin opposed German immigration, warning Germans would not assimilate. In the 1850s, the nativist Know Nothing movement opposed Irish immigration, promulgating fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants.
In general, Americans have more positive attitudes toward groups that have been visible for a century or more, and much more negative attitude toward recent arrivals. According to a 1982 national poll by the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut, “By high margins, Americans are telling pollsters it was a very good thing that Poles, Italians, and Jews emigrated to America. Once again, it’s the newcomers who are viewed with suspicion. This time, it’s the Mexicans, the Filipinos, and the people from the Caribbean who make Americans nervous.”
One of the most important factors regarding public opinion about immigration is the level of unemployment; anti-immigrant sentiment is highest where unemployment is highest, and vice versa. In fact, in the United States, only 0.16% of the workforce are legal immigrants. A more recent survey by the Pew Research Center (see Figure 3.1.6 below) suggests a more positive view of U. S. immigrants in which they are seen as a source of "strength."
Unauthorized Immigration to the United States
Unauthorized immigration refers to to the act of entering the United States without governmental permission and in violation of the United States Nationality Law , or staying beyond the termination date of a visa, also in violation of the law. An undocumented immigrant in the United States is a person (non-citizen) who has entered the United States without government permission and in violation of United States Nationality Law, or stayed beyond the termination date of a visa, also in violation of the law. The undocumented immigrant population is estimated to be between 7 and 20 million. More than 50% of undocumented immigrants are from Mexico.
While the majority of undocumented immigrants continue to concentrate in places with existing large Hispanic communities, undocumented immigrants are increasingly settling throughout the rest of the country. A percentage of undocumented immigrants do not remain indefinitely but do return to their country of origin; they are often referred to as sojourners , which are people that leave or emigrate from their home country with the intention of returning to their homeland one day.
The continuing practice of hiring unauthorized workers has been referred to as the magnet for unauthorized immigration. As a significant percentage of employers are willing to hire undocumented immigrants for higher pay than they would typically receive in their former country, undocumented immigrants have prime motivation to cross borders. But migration is expensive and dangerous for those who enter without authorization. Participants in debates on immigration in the early twenty-first century have called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing unauthorized immigration to the United States, building a barrier along some or all of the 2,000-mile (3,200 km) U.S.-Mexico border, or creating a new guest worker program.
Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Internally Displaced People
In 2013, the number of refugees, asylum-seekers, and internally displaced people worldwide exceeded 50 million people for the first time since the end of World War II. Half these people were children. A refugee is defined as an individual who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster, while asylum-seekers are those whose claim to refugee status has not been validated. An internally displaced person , on the other hand, is neither a refugee nor an asylum-seeker (Ritzer, 2015). Internally displaced persons have fled their homes while remaining inside their country’s borders. In the case of the United States, the 2018 Camp Fire displaced many residents in Paradise, California. Unfortunately there was not enough housing available or being built fast enough for all former city of Paradise residents to be able to return, thus making them internally displaced.
The war in Syria caused most of the 2013 increase, forcing 2.5 million people to seek refugee status while internally displacing an additional 6.5 million. Violence in Central African Republic and South Sudan also contributed a large number of people to the total (United Nations, 2014).
The refugees need help in the form of food, water, shelter, and medical care, which has worldwide implications for nations contributing foreign aid, the nations hosting the refugees, and the non-government organizations (NGOs) working with individuals and groups on site (United Nations, 2014). Where will this large moving population, including the sick, elderly, children, and people with very few possessions and no long-term plan, go?
Given current immigration policies, specifically admissions ceilings, the United States is not a frequent destination for refugees and asylum-seekers, although it is sought out by displaced individuals. This means that as of September 2019, there was 339,386 pending asylum applications. However, in 2018, only 25,439 people were granted asylum. As far as refugees, the United States recognized a total of 22,405 people as refugees. Again, while there is great demand by displaced folks, the United States is limiting the amount of refugees it recognizes and asylum applications it approves. Table 3.1.8 below lists the top five countries that the United States recently recognized the largest amounts of refugees from - with striking annual reductions. Per the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the biggest declines in refugee recognition tend to be from predominantly Muslim countries.
Table \(\PageIndex{8}\): Selected Characteristics of Refugee Arrivals by Country of Nationality: Fiscal Years 2016 to 2018 (Data from the United States Department of Homeland Security)
| Country of Nationality | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 84,988 | 53,691 | 22,405 |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | 16,370 | 9,377 | 7,878 |
| Burma | 12,347 | 5,078 | 3,555 |
| Syria | 12,587 | 6,557 | 62 |
| Iraq | 9,880 | 6,886 | 140 |
| Somalia | 9,020 | 6,130 | 257 |
Regarding contemporary asylum cases, individuals from China have the highest amounts of asylums granted affirmatively and defensively. According to the American Immigration Council (2020), an affirmative asylum is a person not in removal proceedings who may affirmatively apply for asylum through U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), a division of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The American Immigration Council (2020) defines defensive asylum as a person in removal proceedings who may "apply for asylum defensively by filing the application with an immigration judge at the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) in the Department of Justice. In other words, asylum is applied for as a defense against removal from the U.S." The second largest group of individuals being granted affirmative asylum are currently persons from Venezuela and for defensive asylum, it is people from El Salvador. With regards to the religious background of refugees, Blizzard and Batalova (2019) note, "2016 marked the only time since 2009 when the United States resettled more Muslim refugees than Christians. In that year, 84,994 refugees were admitted; of these, 46 percent (38,900) were Muslim and 44 percent (37,521) were Christian. More than half of Muslim refugees in 2016 were from Syria (32 percent) or Somalia (23 percent)."
Table \(\PageIndex{9}\): Selected Characteristics of Individuals Granted Asylum Affirmatively by Country of Nationality: Fiscal Years 2016 to 2018 ( Data from the Department of Homeland Security )
| Country of Nationality | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 11,634 | 15,846 | 25,439 |
| China | 1,387 | 2,820 | 3,844 |
| Venezuela | 316 | 482 | 5,966 |
| El Salvador | 1,380 | 2,121 | 1,177 |
| Guatemala | 1,285 | 1,996 | 1,337 |
| Egypt | 679 | 1,020 | 1,427 |
Table \(\PageIndex{10}\): Selected Characteristics of Individuals Granted Asylum Defensively by Country of Nationality: Fiscal Years 2016 to 2018 ( Data from the Department of Homeland Security )
| Country of Nationality | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 8,728 | 10,663 | 13,248 |
| China | 3,108 | 2,795 | 3,061 |
| El Salvador | 764 | 1,355 | 1,786 |
| Honduras | 618 | 956 | 1,188 |
| Guatemala | 636 | 953 | 1,021 |
| India | 315 | 470 | 956 |
It is clear that the rates for asylum granted defensively are much lower than those of asylum granted affirmatively. This seems to be consistent with a much tougher stance on immigration on behalf of the Trump administration, so folks facing removal proceedings are not likely be rewarded with asylum.
Contributors and Attributions
- Gutierrez, Erika. (Santiago Canyon College)
- Ramos, Carlos. (Long Beach City College)
- Sociology (Boundless) ( CC BY-SA 4.0 )
- Minority Studies (Dunn) ( CC BY 4.0 )
Works Cited
- American Immigration Council. (2020, June 11). Asylum in the United States. American Immigration Council.
- Blizzard, B. & J. Batalova. (2019). Refugees and asylees in the United States. Migration Policy Institute.
- Budiman, A., Tamir, C., Mora, L., & Noe-Bustamante, L. (2020, August 20). Facts on U.S. immigrants, 2018. Pew Research Center.
- Current, R.N., Williams, T.H., Freidel, F., & Brinkley, A. (1987). American History: A Survey. 6th ed. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
- López, G., Bialik, K., & Radford, J. (2017, May 3). Key findings about U.S. immigrants. Pew Research Center , 3 (1),1.
- Ritzer, G. (2015). Introduction to Sociology. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
- Schaefer, R. T. (2015). Racial and Ethnic Groups. 14th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson.
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. ST/ESA/SER.A/352.
- United States Department of Homeland Security. (2013). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics.
- United Stated Department of Homeland Security. (2020). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2018.