3.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 332717
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- beliefs
- tenets or convictions that people hold to be true
- classical liberalism
- an ideology of small government, free markets, and individual rights and liberties
- countercultures
- groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns
- cultural universals
- patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies
- culture
- shared beliefs, values, and practices
- cultural lag
- the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it
- diffusion
- the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another
- discoveries
- things and ideas found from what already exists
- ethnocentrism
- the evaluation and judgment of another culture based on one’s own cultural norms
- folkways
- direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture
- formal norms
- established, written rules
- globalization
- the integration of international trade and finance markets
- high culture
- the cultural patterns of a society’s elite
- ideal culture
- the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to
- informal norms
- casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to
- innovations
- new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time
- inventions
- a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms
- language
- a symbolic system of communication
- libertarianism
- an ideology enabling maximum individual decision-making in all matters
- modern conservatism
- an ideology combining free markets, small government, and traditional morality
- modern liberalism
- an ideology viewing government as responsible for the general welfare of the population
- mores
- the moral views and principles of a group
- neoliberalism
- an ideology combining free markets with economic globalization
- norms
- the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured
- political polarization
- movement of a population away from the center of the political spectrum, towards the opposite ends
- popular culture
- mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population
- real culture
- the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists
- sanctions
- a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
- social control
- a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms
- society
- people who live in a definable community and who share a culture
- subcultures
- groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society
- symbols
- gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture
- values
- a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society