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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/01%3A_Geography_Matters/1.01%3A_Geography_and_Geo-LiteracyIn this section we explore the distinguishing characteristics of geography as a discipline and the different ways geographers study the world. Geography is an understated and misunderstood discipline ...In this section we explore the distinguishing characteristics of geography as a discipline and the different ways geographers study the world. Geography is an understated and misunderstood discipline in the United States. The resulting poor geo-literacy among Americans means that we have a missed potential in leveraging American centrality and influence to engage solutions for the most pressing matters in the world.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/09%3A_Middle_and_South_America/9.05%3A_Tropical_Deforestation_and_the_Rights_of_Nature_and_Indigenous_PeoplesTropical rainforests have complex economic geographies, and global economic ties continue to drive tropical deforestation in Mesoamerica and the Amazon. Cattle ranching, soybean production, drug traff...Tropical rainforests have complex economic geographies, and global economic ties continue to drive tropical deforestation in Mesoamerica and the Amazon. Cattle ranching, soybean production, drug trafficking, mining, logging, and megaprojects are intersecting pressures that drive both deforestation and the dispossession of indigenous peoples whose lives and identities are rooted in the Mesoamerican and Amazonian rainforests, where bicultural systems are under threat.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/07%3A_South_Asia/7.01%3A_Natural_Environments_and_Climate_VulnerabilitySouth Asia is often referred to as the Indian Subcontinent because its landmass was once its own continent atop the Indian Plate, now in collision against the Eurasian Plate. It is this tectonic conve...South Asia is often referred to as the Indian Subcontinent because its landmass was once its own continent atop the Indian Plate, now in collision against the Eurasian Plate. It is this tectonic convergence that forms the world's highest mountains, the Himalayas. These water towers play an important role in a complex hydrology, including tropical monsoons and cyclones. A large population in South Asia is vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)World Geographies: A Critical Introduction was designed to serve as a foundational resource for students taking World Regional Geography courses. It is a peer-reviewed textbook that was curated and au...World Geographies: A Critical Introduction was designed to serve as a foundational resource for students taking World Regional Geography courses. It is a peer-reviewed textbook that was curated and authored by diverse geography educators, as part of the efforts of the Open Educational Resources Initiative (OERI) of the Academic Senate of California Community Colleges (ASCCC). This book uses ASCCC’s Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Antiracism framework and a critical geography lens.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/01%3A_Geography_MattersStudents who had taken geography before ranked courses with the word “geography” and associated key terms notably higher than those who had not, regardless of if they majored in geography or not. This...Students who had taken geography before ranked courses with the word “geography” and associated key terms notably higher than those who had not, regardless of if they majored in geography or not. This gap could be bridged with a little exposure to geography education but also with the use of transparent and relatable terms in course titles and descriptions to capture the wonder and curiosity that college students already have for topics in geography.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/09%3A_Middle_and_South_AmericaMiddle and South America are often referred to as “Latin America and the Caribbean”. The term ‘Latin’ accentuates the Iberian colonial heritage and the Latin roots of Spanish and Portuguese. It is tru...Middle and South America are often referred to as “Latin America and the Caribbean”. The term ‘Latin’ accentuates the Iberian colonial heritage and the Latin roots of Spanish and Portuguese. It is true that the region has more speakers of both Spanish and Portuguese than in Europe or anywhere else in the world, and that these are the predominantly spoken languages and cohesive cultural factors in the region.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/01%3A_Geography_Matters/1.03%3A_Maps-_Place_Power_and_RepresentationMaps have always been central to geography. But maps are not matter-of-fact impartial documents as they are commonly thought to be. In this section we explore how cartography has long been intertwined...Maps have always been central to geography. But maps are not matter-of-fact impartial documents as they are commonly thought to be. In this section we explore how cartography has long been intertwined with colonization and empire-building, as powerful tools in world-making. As such, they can be imaginary and visionary. They come in many forms and traditions.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/03%3A_Africa_South_of_the_Sahara/3.01%3A_Africa's_Natural_EnvironmentsAfrica is the second largest continent and is with two-thirds of its land area situated north of the equator. The major biomes in Africa include tropical rainforests, savannas, and deserts. The highla...Africa is the second largest continent and is with two-thirds of its land area situated north of the equator. The major biomes in Africa include tropical rainforests, savannas, and deserts. The highlands and volcanic mountains, particularly in East Africa, contribute to the continent's diverse ecosystems and are associated with the Great Rift Valley, which is characterized by lakes, valleys, and fertile volcanic soils.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/03%3A_Africa_South_of_the_Sahara/3.02%3A_Indigenous_Worlds-_Pre-Colonial_Civilizations_and_Reclaiming_IndependenceHumans originated in East Africa and migrated out of the African continent approximately 60,000 years ago. Various great ancient kingdoms and empires thrived through trade and control of resources.The...Humans originated in East Africa and migrated out of the African continent approximately 60,000 years ago. Various great ancient kingdoms and empires thrived through trade and control of resources.Their wealth fueled European economies and sparked a desire to establish direct access to Africa, leading to the exploration and colonization of the continent, resulting in arbitrary boundaries that disrupted local cultures, access to resources, and political organization.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/03%3A_Africa_South_of_the_SaharaNote how the Sahel is the distinguishing transition between Africa North and South of the Sahara - the regions in the North and the extensive Sahara Desert are considered part of Southwest Asia and No...Note how the Sahel is the distinguishing transition between Africa North and South of the Sahara - the regions in the North and the extensive Sahara Desert are considered part of Southwest Asia and North Africa (SWANA), discussed in Chapter 4.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Geographies%3A_A_Critical_Introduction_(Aline_Gregorio_Nazanin_Naraghi_Jason_Scott_Waverly_Ray)/09%3A_Middle_and_South_America/9.04%3A_Inequality_and_the_CityMiddle and South America are highly urbanized with most countries having a vast majority of their population living in cities. Some cities in the region are quite large, and the region is home to seve...Middle and South America are highly urbanized with most countries having a vast majority of their population living in cities. Some cities in the region are quite large, and the region is home to several megacities and emerging megalopolises. Rapid urban expansion has been mostly a product of the urbanization of poverty. The persistence of slums is a characteristic of visibly unequal and segregated urban spaces. Case studies highlight the struggle for inclusion and sustainability.
