8: Healthcare and Empowerment
- Page ID
- 297630
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Clinical Perspectives
- As mentioned previously, the following sections include information on clinical perspectives
Barriers
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Could at-home STI testing help alleviate challenges with stigma and reduce transmission?
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Stigmas can contribute to spread of STIs if people associate STIs with sense of morality
- Violence — use of physical force, power, or coercion to limit or cause harm (health, autonomy, access, relationships with others)
- Direct — physical force directed at someone; attacking someone personally or using coercion to limit another person
- Structural — violence embedded in social structures (sociocultural beliefs, rules, and norms)
- Institutional — form of structural violence that is formally embedded in institutions; ex: inefficient administration of justice, discrimination, authoritarianism
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A conceptual re-evaluation of reproductive coercion: centering intent, fear and control
PrEP and PEP
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Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
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Short-term treatment for people who have been exposed to HIV in the last 72 hours
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Timing is important; Take it as soon after exposure as possible (up to 3 days)
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Take PEP 1-2 times for at least 28 days
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User guide: https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/ah/prep-user-guide.pdf
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Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
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Helps lower chances of HIV up to 99% (PrEP + condoms)
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Must test negative for HIV
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Ongoing daily pill or shots every other month
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Regular HIV and STI testing
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Does not prevent against other STIs
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Hormonal Birth Control
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Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic (Planned parenthood) in 1916
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1950 - began the search for an oral contraceptive method
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Early experiments with synthetic progesterone
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Based on Aztec tradition in Mexico – consumption of a certain yam for progestogenic effects (easing pregnancy and menstrual symptoms); consuming at toxic levels for 3-4 days could lead to sterility
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Wild yam species used to synthesize first oral contraceptive pill
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Why are there blood clotting risks for some people?
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Oral pills have to pass through the liver – there is more of a risk for clotting than there is in methods that are not orally administered
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What is "Health"?
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Shifts away from the view that health is the absence of disease…
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Wellbeing based on one’s informed decisions
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Bodily autonomy
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Ability to live life and achieve goals without health constraints
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Bioarchaeological Perspectives
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How do biological anthropologists and archaeologists understand intersectional aspects of social identity?
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Burials may reflect the beliefs and cultural practices of the mourners (not necessarily the person buried)
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Perspectives of “health” and “stress”
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Health – holistic state of wellbeing
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Stress – not necessarily "bad;" homeostatic change in response to environmental pressure
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Influences:
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Sanitation
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Nutrition
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Life changes
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Family and community support
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Genetics
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Epigenetics
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Trauma
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Are individuals who have survived long enough to acquire stress markers on bones inherently “unhealthy”?
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Their resilience and survivability says something about health…
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Comparisons with living populations can help inform analyses of skeletal evidence
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Perhaps beneficial to interpret “health” from individual life-history perspectives rather than deviations from group standards
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How might these perspectives influence one’s beliefs about one’s own health?
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Does one see their health as something that “deviates from the norm,” or do they see it as relative to their own life history and circumstances?
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