2.9: Alternate Text Descriptions

Figure 2.2.1: Tobacco Warning Advertisement 

This image is a public health anti-smoking advertisement composed of ten warning panels arranged in two rows. Each panel contains a graphic image paired with a Portuguese warning label describing a harmful effect associated with tobacco use.

The warnings include:

• Victim of this product: image of a severely affected infant.
• Horror: image showing extensive facial damage.
• Danger: image showing a serious head injury.
• Gangrene: image of a severely diseased leg and foot.
• Heart attack: image depicting open-heart surgery or cardiac damage.
• Toxic product: image associated with poisoning or toxic exposure.
• Impotence: image referring to sexual dysfunction.
• Suffering: image showing illness affecting an individual and family members.
• Death: image depicting a deceased individual.
• Toxic smoke: image showing exposure to cigarette smoke.

Each panel includes a no-smoking symbol and a message encouraging people to stop smoking. The advertisement uses graphic medical imagery and strong visual contrasts to draw attention to the physical, medical, and social consequences of tobacco use.

The purpose of the advertisement is to discourage smoking and promote smoking cessation by displaying vivid visual examples of severe health consequences associated with tobacco use. The collection of images and warning messages is designed to communicate health risks and influence behavioral decisions regarding smoking.

Figure 2.2.2: Social Situations and Human Behavior

The figure is a three-panel collage showing different social environments.

• Left panel: Two individuals are engaged in a face-to-face interaction near a large vehicle. One individual is wearing protective equipment, suggesting a setting involving security or public safety.
• Center panel: Numerous people are gathered in a muddy, debris-filled area, appearing to participate in cleanup or recovery activities following a natural disaster or environmental event.
• Right panel: An individual is seated on a sidewalk in an urban environment beside buildings, signs, and personal belongings.

The figure illustrates how people's behavior and experiences are influenced by the social situations in which they are located. Each panel depicts a different context, including interactions involving authority or security, community responses to environmental challenges, and everyday urban conditions. Together, the images reinforce the social psychology principle that behavior is shaped not only by individual characteristics but also by situational and environmental factors.

Figure 2.2.4: Predicted Success Along Feedback Conditions

The figure is a bar graph showing participants’ predictions of their future success across three feedback conditions.

• The y-axis represents participants’ predictions of their success and ranges from 0 to 20.
• The x-axis represents feedback condition and includes:
  • Success
  • Average
  • Failure

The bars indicate approximately:

• Success feedback: about 17
• Average feedback: about 16
• Failure feedback: about 13

The success condition has the highest predicted success score, followed closely by the average condition. The failure condition has the lowest predicted success score.

The graph demonstrates the influence of feedback on expectations about future performance. Participants who received positive feedback reported higher expectations for future success than participants who received failure feedback, suggesting that feedback can shape self-perceptions and future predictions.

Figure 2.2.5: Self-fulling Prophecy 

The diagram presents a circular sequence of four connected statements that illustrate a self-fulfilling prophecy.

1. Initial belief: "Jerry believes that all Italians are romantic."
2. Behavior based on the belief: "Jerry meets Bianca, who is Italian. He flirts with her."
3. Response from another person: "Bianca sees that Jerry is flirting with her. She flirts back."
4. Confirmation of the belief: "Jerry’s belief that all Italians are romantic is confirmed."

Arrows connect the statements in a continuous circle, showing that the process can repeat.

Function: The figure demonstrates how preconceived beliefs or stereotypes can influence behavior toward others. Those behaviors may elicit responses that seem to validate the original belief, even when the response was partly caused by the person's own actions. The diagram illustrates the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy and how expectations can shape social interactions and reinforce existing assumptions.

Figure 2.2.6: Personality Type and Time of Testing Interaction

The figure is a bar graph showing judgments of guilt for two personality types tested at two different times of day.

• The y-axis represents judgments of guilt and ranges from 0 to 8.
• The x-axis represents personality type with two categories:
  • Morning
  • Evening

The legend identifies:

• Orange bars: 9 AM testing
• Blue bars: 8 PM testing

Approximate values are:

Morning personality type

• 9 AM: about 5.0
• 8 PM: about 6.9

Evening personality type

• 9 AM: about 6.6
• 8 PM: about 5.7

The graph illustrates an interaction effect. The influence of testing time on guilt judgments differs depending on personality type. Morning-type participants gave higher guilt judgments when tested in the evening, whereas evening-type participants gave higher guilt judgments when tested in the morning. This pattern demonstrates that the effect of one variable (time of testing) depends on the level of another variable (personality type).

Figure 2.3.1: Automatic Priming and Behavior

The figure is a bar graph comparing walking time (in seconds) across two experiments and two priming conditions.

• The y-axis represents walking time (seconds) and ranges from 0 to 10.
• The x-axis contains Experiment 2a and Experiment 2b.
• The legend identifies:
  • Neutral priming condition (green bars)
  • Elderly priming condition (red bars)

Approximate walking times are:

Experiment 2a

• Neutral prime: about 7.3 seconds
• Elderly prime: about 8.2 seconds

Experiment 2b

• Neutral prime: about 7.2 seconds
• Elderly prime: about 8.2 seconds

Across both experiments, participants in the elderly priming condition walked more slowly than participants in the neutral priming condition.

The figure demonstrates the effects of priming in social cognition research. Exposure to words associated with older adults was linked to slower walking speeds afterward, suggesting that activating social concepts in memory can influence behavior. The replication of the pattern across two experiments strengthens the evidence for the observed effect.

Figure 2.3.3: Processing Fluency

The figure is a bar graph comparing self-ratings of assertiveness across two trait dimensions and two recall conditions.

• The y-axis represents self-ratings of assertiveness and ranges from 0 to 12.
• The x-axis represents the trait dimension rated:
  • Assertive
  • Unassertive
• The legend indicates the number of examples required:
  • 6 examples (purple bars)
  • 12 examples (yellow bars)

Approximate values are:

Assertive condition

• 6 examples: about 6.2
• 12 examples: about 5.1

Unassertive condition

• 6 examples: about 5.1
• 12 examples: about 6.2

The graph demonstrates that self-judgments are influenced not only by the information people recall but also by the ease with which they recall it. Generating 6 examples is generally easier than generating 12 examples. When people easily recalled assertive behaviors, they viewed themselves as more assertive. When people struggled to generate many assertive examples, they rated themselves as less assertive. The opposite pattern occurred when recalling unassertive behaviors. This finding illustrates how cognitive processes can shape self-perception and social judgment.

Figure 2.3.5: Confidence and Accuracy in Social Judgement 

The figure is a bar graph comparing expressed confidence and actual accuracy when participants make judgments about two types of people.

• The y-axis represents percentage correct and ranges from 0 to 80.
• The x-axis represents the person judged, with two categories:
  • Roommate
  • Stranger
• The legend identifies:
  • Expressed confidence (orange bars)
  • Actual accuracy (blue bars)

Approximate values are:

Roommate

• Expressed confidence: 78%
• Actual accuracy: 69%

Stranger

• Expressed confidence: 75%
• Actual accuracy: 64%

In both conditions, expressed confidence exceeds actual accuracy. Participants were somewhat more accurate when judging roommates than strangers, but they still overestimated how accurate their judgments were.

The graph demonstrates that people often display overconfidence in social judgments. Although participants believed their judgments were highly accurate, their actual performance was consistently lower. The figure illustrates the gap that can exist between perceived knowledge and actual accuracy when evaluating other people.

Figure 2.3.7: Reconstructive Memory

The diagram shows a research question used to study how wording affects participants' estimates of vehicle speed.

On the left is the question:

“About how fast were the cars going when they ___ each other?”

In the center, the blank is filled with one of three verbs:

• smashed
• hit
• contacted

On the right, corresponding average speed estimates are displayed:

• Smashed: 40.8 miles per hour
• Hit: 34.0 miles per hour
• Contacted: 30.8 miles per hour

Arrows connect each verb to its corresponding estimated speed.

The figure demonstrates that the wording of a question can influence how people remember and interpret an event. More forceful language, such as smashed, led participants to report higher estimates of vehicle speed than less forceful language, such as contacted. The study illustrates how memory reports can be affected by contextual cues and question phrasing rather than reflecting a completely objective recollection of events.

Figure 2.4.1: Mood as Information

The diagram illustrates a proposed relationship between weather, mood, and reported well-being.

On the left, a box labeled "Weather is" branches into two conditions:

• Sunny, represented by a sun icon.
• Cloudy, represented by cloud icons.

The sunny condition leads to positive mood, represented by a smiling face. The cloudy condition leads to negative mood, represented by a frowning face.

From positive mood, an arrow leads directly to higher well-being. From negative mood, an arrow leads directly to lower well-being.

Both positive and negative mood also connect to a box labeled "Asked about mood." From this box, an arrow points to neutral well-being.

The figure demonstrates how weather may indirectly influence people's reports of well-being through its effects on mood. It also illustrates that when people are explicitly asked about their mood, they may recognize the source of their feelings and adjust their judgments of well-being, resulting in more neutral evaluations. The model highlights how situational factors can affect self-reports and social judgments.

Figure 2.4.2: Facial Expression and Mood 

The figure consists of two side-by-side photographs of the same person.

• In the left photograph, the person holds a pen vertically using only the lips.
• In the right photograph, the person holds a pen horizontally between the teeth.

The two pen positions require different facial muscle movements. Holding the pen between the teeth engages muscles similar to those used when smiling, whereas holding the pen with the lips limits activation of those muscles.

The figure illustrates a research method used to study the facial feedback hypothesis, which proposes that facial muscle activity can influence emotional experience and judgments. Researchers used the pen-holding task to experimentally vary facial muscle movements without explicitly instructing participants to smile or frown, allowing them to investigate how physical expressions may affect psychological responses.

Figure 2.4.3: Misattributing Emotion

The figure is a bar graph comparing emotional responses under two expected drug side-effect conditions.

• The legend identifies:
  • Arousal (informed condition) shown in red.
  • Headache (misinformed condition) shown in blue.
• The left y-axis represents experienced euphoria.
• The right y-axis represents experienced anger.

Two outcomes are displayed:

Euphoria

• Participants informed that the drug would cause arousal reported approximately 13 units of euphoria.
• Participants told to expect a headache reported approximately 23 units of euphoria.

Anger

• Participants informed about arousal reported slightly below 0 on the anger scale.
• Participants expecting a headache reported approximately 2.3 units of anger.

The graph illustrates the principle of misattribution of arousal. When participants lacked an accurate explanation for their physiological arousal, they were more likely to interpret it based on cues from the surrounding social situation, leading to stronger emotional reactions. The figure demonstrates how emotions can be influenced not only by physiological arousal itself but also by how people explain the source of that arousal.