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2.13: Glossary

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    Key Terms

    • Amniocentesis: A prenatal test in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn to test for chromosomal or genetic disorders. 
    • Behavioral genetics: The study of how heredity and environment contribute to human differences. 
    • Blastocyst: A fluid-filled sphere of cells formed about five days after fertilization that implants in the uterine wall. 
    • Chromosome: A threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that contains genes. 
    • Dominant gene: A gene that is expressed in the phenotype even when paired with a recessive gene. 
    • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): The chemical substance that makes up genes and chromosomes. 
    • Embryonic period: The stage of prenatal development from implantation through the eighth week, when major organs and structures begin to form. 
    • Fetal period: The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week until birth, characterized by growth and maturation of organ systems. 
    • Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or function. 
    • Genotype: An individual’s genetic makeup. 
    • Heredity: The transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes. 
    • Infertility: The inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. 
    • In vitro fertilization (IVF) – A procedure in which eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the body and then implanted in the uterus. 
    • Karyotype: A visual representation of chromosomes arranged in pairs, used to detect chromosomal abnormalities. 
    • Meiosis: The process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes. 
    • Mitosis: The process of cell division that results in two identical cells, used for growth and repair. 
    • Monozygotic twins: Identical twins formed when a single fertilized egg splits into two embryos. 
    • Non-normative influences: Unusual events that have a major impact on an individual’s life, not tied to age or history. 
    • Phenotype: Observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment. 
    • Placenta: The organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste products. 
    • Polygenic inheritance: Traits influenced by multiple genes, such as height or intelligence. 
    • Prenatal development: The process of growth and development that occurs between conception and birth. 
    • Recessive gene: A gene that is expressed in the phenotype only when paired with another recessive gene. 
    • Teratogen: An environmental agent that can cause harm to the developing embryo or fetus. 
    • Ultrasound: A prenatal imaging technique that uses sound waves to create a picture of the fetus. 
    • Zygote: The single cell formed at conception when sperm and egg unite. 

    2.13: Glossary is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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