3: Infancy and Toddlerhood
- Page ID
- 384728
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Chapter Overview
Infancy and toddlerhood are periods of rapid growth and development that lay the foundation for future learning, relationships, and health. In this chapter, you will explore physical development, sleep patterns, sensory abilities, nutrition, and the progression from reflexive to voluntary movements during the first two years of life. You will examine major theories of cognitive and language development, including Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, and learn how infants develop memory, temperament, emotions, and attachments to caregivers. The chapter also considers methods for assessing infant development and explores how broader societal events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can influence the experiences of infants, toddlers, and their families.
- 3.1: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
- Overview of overall physical growth and physical brain development in the first two years of life.
- 3.2: Infant Sleep
- Typical infant and toddler sleeping patterns. Health concerns associated with infant sleep, including Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and its subcategories.
- 3.3: From Reflexes to Voluntary Movements
- Overview of newborn reflexes, or involuntary movements in response to stimulation, and the process by which these reflexes gradually translation to voluntary movements.
- 3.4: Sensory Capabilities
- Investigation of newborn sensory capabilities and how they develop. How infants are tested for their perceptual skills.
- 3.5: Nutrition
- Discussion of infant nutrition, including a comparison of breastfeeding and formula-feeding, the process for introducing solid foods, and global concerns of infant malnutrition.
- 3.6: Piaget and the Sensorimotor Stage
- Piaget's system of infant and toddler cognitive development, including the concepts of schema, assimilation and accommodation, and the six substages of sensorimotor intelligence.
- 3.7: Infant Memory
- Discussion of proposed hypotheses for why older children and adults experience infantile amnesia, the inability to recall memories from the first few years of life, and experiments undertaken to determine the memory capabilities of infants.
- 3.8: Language
- Explanation of the basic components of language. Overview of the progression of language development in young children. Various psychological theories of language development, including various biological theories, learning theory, and social pragmatics.
- 3.9: Psychosociological Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
- Exploring the concepts of temperament vs. personality in children, bidirectionality of parenting, and the development process of infant emotions and sense of self.
- 3.10: Forming Attachments
- Theories for how infants form attachments, or close bonds with a caregiver from which the infant derives a sense of security. Classifications of attachment styles and possible issues with forming attachments.
- 3.11: Measuring Infant Development
- How young children, including nonverbal ones, can be comprehensively assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III).
- 3.C: COVID-19 Impact on Infancy and Toddlerhood
- Impacts of COVID-19 on the infant and toddler age group, including declining birth rate and the limitations in language development caused by widespread mask usage.