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4.22: Glossary

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    Key Terms

    • Attachment: The emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver. 
    • Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt: Erikson’s second stage of psychosocial development where toddlers strive for independence and autonomy. 
    • Cephalocaudal Development: Growth and development that occurs from the head downward. 
    • Cognitive Development: Changes in thinking, memory, problem-solving, and other intellectual skills. 
    • Deferred Imitation: The ability to imitate actions observed in the past. 
    • Fine Motor Skills: Small movements that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue. 
    • Gross Motor Skills: Large movements that use the large muscles of the arms, legs, torso, and feet. 
    • Habituation: Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. 
    • Object Permanence: Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. 
    • Proximodistal Development: Growth and development that occurs from the center of the body outward. 
    • Secure Attachment: A healthy attachment style where the child feels confident that the caregiver will meet their needs. 
    • Self-awareness: Recognition of oneself as a distinct individual. 
    • Sensorimotor Stage: Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions. 
    • Separation Anxiety: Distress experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver. 
    • Stranger Anxiety: Fear of unfamiliar people, typically emerging around 6 to 12 months of age. 
    • Temperament: Individual differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation that are present at birth. 
    • Visual Cliff: An experimental apparatus used to study depth perception in infants. 

    4.22: Glossary is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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