11.9: Conclusions
- Page ID
- 191549
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
| Hominin | Archaic Homo sapiens |
|---|---|
| Dates | 600,000–200,000 years ago (although some regional variation) |
| Region(s) | Africa, Europe, and Asia |
| Famous discoveries | Broken Hill (Zambia), Atapuerca (Spain) |
| Brain size | 1,200 cc average |
| Dentition | Slightly smaller teeth in back of mouth, larger front teeth |
| Cranial features | Emerging forehead, no chin, projecting occipital region |
| Postcranial features | Robust skeleton |
| Culture | Varied regionally, but some continue to use Acheulean handaxe, others adopt Mousterian tool culture |
| Other | Lots of regional variation in this species |
| Species | Homo naledi |
|---|---|
| Dates | 335,000–236,000 years ago |
| Region(s) | South Africa |
| Famous discoveries | Rising Star Cave |
| Brain size | 500 cc average |
| Dentition | Reduced tooth size |
| Cranial features | Sagittal keel, large brow, well-developed frontal region |
| Postcranial features | Suspensory shoulder |
| Culture | unknown |
| Other | N/A |
| Hominin | Neanderthals |
|---|---|
| Dates | 150,000–40,000 years ago |
| Region(s) | Western Europe, Middle East, and Western Asia only |
| Famous discoveries | Shanidar (Iraq), La Chapelle-aux-Saints (France) |
| Brain size | 1500 cc average |
| Dentition | Retromolar gap |
| Cranial features | Large brow ridge, midfacial prognathism, large infraorbital foramina, occipital bun |
| Postcranial features | Robust skeleton with short and stocky body, increased musculature, barrel chest |
| Culture | Mousterian tools often constructed using the Levallois technique |
| Other | N/A |
| Species | Homo floresiensis |
|---|---|
| Dates | 100,000–60,000 years ago, perhaps as recently as 17,000 years ago |
| Region(s) | Liang Bua, island of Flores, Indonesia |
| Famous discoveries | “The Hobbit” |
| Brain size | 400 cc average |
| Dentition | unknown |
| Cranial features | Sagittal keel, arching brow ridges, nuchal torus, no chin |
| Postcranial features | Very short stature (approximately 3.5 ft.) |
| Culture | Tools similar to other tools found on the island of Flores |
| Other | N/A |
| Hominin | Denisovans |
|---|---|
| Dates | 100,000–30,000 years ago |
| Region(s) | Siberia |
| Famous discoveries | Child’s finger bone and adult molar |
| Brain size | unknown |
| Dentition | Large molars (from limited evidence) |
| Cranial features | unknown |
| Postcranial features | unknown |
| Culture | unknown |
| Other | Closely related to Neanderthals (genetically) |