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15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood (Age 60 and Beyond)
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15.0: What Does Psychology Say?
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The text discusses the physical and cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood, exemplified by Harold, a seventy-year-old retired caf?? owner. Despite some joint pain and occasional forgetfulness, Harold generally feels like his usual self but worries about potential serious cognitive decline. Concerned about health issues prevalent in his family, he plans to keep up with medical appointments. The chapter explores research on physical, health, and cognitive changes in older adults.
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15.1: Physical Aging in Late Adulthood
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This section explores the physical aging process in late adulthood, addressing variations in life expectancy, theories of aging, and physiological changes. Life expectancy has increased globally due to improved health care and living conditions, though disparities persist due to socioeconomic factors. Aging theories include hormonal stress, free radicals, cellular clock, wear and tear, and genetic variability.
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15.2: Health Risks in Late Adulthood
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This section discusses health concerns in late adulthood, including physical and mental health risks. Chronic conditions such as arthritis and diabetes become more prevalent with age, requiring careful management. Mental health issues like anxiety and depression are reviewed, though they become less common in older age. The rising costs of healthcare are also a significant concern, with chronic conditions accounting for a large portion of these expenses.
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15.3: Cognition and Memory in Late Adulthood
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This section explores cognition in late adulthood, emphasizing that aging affects cognitive abilities differently. Crystallized intelligence and semantic memories, which involve knowledge and vocabulary, often improve or remain stable, while fluid intelligence, processing speed, and episodic memory may decline. Stereotypes about cognitive decline in older adults are contrasted with research findings showing diverse and nuanced changes in cognition.
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15.4: Brain Disorders in Late Adulthood
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The document provides comprehensive information on dementia, focusing on its types, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia. It highlights the distinctions between normative cognitive declines and dementia, emphasizing symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and progression. Alzheimer's is the most common form, with extensive detail on its causes, symptoms, progression, and current research in diagnosis and treatment.
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15.5: Successful Physical and Cognitive Aging in Late Adulthood
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The page discusses the concept of successful aging, focusing on physical and cognitive health, social engagement, and functioning. It highlights the compression of morbidity theory, suggesting a healthy lifestyle can extend life expectancy while reducing the time spent in poor health. Factors like diet, exercise, and education influence successful aging. Cognitive training and maintaining an active lifestyle may also protect against dementia.
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15.6: Key Terms
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15.7: Summary
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15.8: Review Questions
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15.9: Check Your Understanding Questions
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15.10: Personal Application Questions
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15.11: Essay Questions
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