6.20: Trees- Movement beyond questions
- Page ID
- 192644
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Head Movement outside questions: V-to-T movement of auxiliaries
ENGLISH AUXILIARIES
(1) | a. | The leaves will fall. |
b. | The leaves have fallen. | |
c. | The leaves are falling. |
(2) | a. | The leaves will always fall. |
b. | The leaves have always fallen. | |
c. | The leaves are always falling. |
(3) | a. | *The leaves will might fall. | (cf. will maybe fall) |
b. | *The leaves must can fall. | (cf. must be able to fall) |
(4) | a. | The leaves will have fallen. | (Future + Perfect) |
b. | The leaves will be falling. | (Future + Progressive) | |
c. | The leaves will have been falling. | (Future + Perfect + Progressive) | |
d. | The leaves have been falling. | (Perfect + Progressive) |
- Proposal (for English)
- Only tense features, the modals, and nonfinite to start out in T—that is, only these morphemes truly belong to the functional category T. All other auxiliaries move to T, but they only do so if that T isn’t already filled by a modal or to.
V-to-T OF ALL VERBS IN FRENCH
(5) | Les feuilles ont tombé. | |
the leaves have fallen | ||
“The leaves fell/have fallen.” |
(6) | Les feuilles (n’)ont pas tombé. | |
the leaves (NEG)have NEG fallen | ||
“The leaves have fallen.” |
(7) | Les feuilles ont toujours tombé. | |
the leaves have always fallen | ||
“The leaves always fell / have always fallen.” |
(8) | Ont-ils tombé? | |
Have-they fallen | ||
“Have they fallen?.” |
(9) | Les feuilles (ne) tombaient pas. | |
the leaves (NEG)fell NEG | ||
“The leaves didn’t fall/weren’t falling.” |
(10) | Les feuilles tombaient toujours. | |
the leaves fell always | ||
“The leaves always fell / were always falling.” |
(11) | Tombaient-ils? | |
Fell-they | ||
“Did they fall? / Were they falling?.” |
(12) | *The leaves fell not. |
(13) | *The leaves fell always. |
(14) | *Fell the leaves? |
Head movement and phrasal movement in passives
(15) | a. | The pirates sank the ship. | (active) |
b. | The ship was sunk (by the pirates). | (passive) |
(16) | [TP _ was sunk [the ship] ] |
(16) | [TP [the ship] was sunk |
- NP movement:
- Move an NP into Spec,TP, to fill an otherwise-empty subject position.