15.11: References

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1. For general information on ancient bureaucracies see Amanda Summer. 2012. “The Birth of Bureaucracy”. Archaeology 65, No. 4: 33–39; Clyde Curry Smith. 1977. “The Birth of Bureaucracy”. The Bible Archaeologist 40, No. 1: 24–28; Ronald J. Williams. 1972. “Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 92, No. 2: 214–21.

2. Richard Stillman. 2009. Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. 9th edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

3. For the early origins of the U.S. bureaucracy see Michael Nelson. 1982. “A Short, Ironic History of American National Bureaucracy,” The Journal of Politics 44 No. 3: 747–78.

4. Daniel Walker Howe. 2007. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 334.

5. Jack Ladinsky. 1966. “Review of Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service: Standards of Selection in the Administrations of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson,” American Sociological Review 31 No. 6: 863–64.

6. For more on the Pendleton Act and its effects see Sean M. Theriault. 2003. “Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People,” The Journal of Politics 65 No. 1: 50–68; Craig V. D. Thornton. 1983. “Review of Centenary Issues of the Pendleton Act of 1883: The Problematic Legacy of Civil Service Reform,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2 No. 4: 653–53.

7. Jack Rabin and James S. Bowman. 1984. “Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American Public Administration,” Public Administration and Public Policy; 22: 104.

8. For more on President Wilson’s efforts at reform see Kendrick A. Clements. 1998. “Woodrow Wilson and Administrative Reform,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 No. 2: 320–36; Larry Walker. 1989. “Woodrow Wilson, Progressive Reform, and Public Administration,” Political Science Quarterly 104, No. 3: 509–25.

9. https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-over...nt-since-1940/ (May 15, 2016).

10. https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-over...ent-since-1962 (May 15, 2016).

11. For more on LBJ and the Great Society see: John A. Andrew. 1998. Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society. Chicago: Ivan R Dee; Julian E. Zelizer. 2015. The Fierce Urgency of Now: Lyndon Johnson, Congress, and the Battle for the Great Society. New York: Penguin Press.

12. John Mikesell. 2014. Fiscal Administration, 9th ed. Boston: Cengage.

13. Dinah Walker, "Trends in U.S. Military Spending," Council on U.S. Foreign Relations, 15 July 2014, https://www.cfr.org/report/trends-us...itary-spending.

14. Bruce Riedel, "Biden's Afghan Gamble," Brookings: Order from Chaos, 27 April 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order...afghan-gamble/.

15. United States Civil Service Commission. 1974. Biography of an Ideal: a history of the federal civil service. Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Civil Service Commission. 40–44.

16. Ronald N. Johnson and Gary D. Libecap. 1994. The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

17. Patricia W. Ingraham and Carolyn Ban. 1984. Legislating Bureaucratic Change : The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Albany: State University of New York Press.

18. Office of Personnel Management, Executive Branch Employment by Gender and Race/National Origin, September 2006 – September 2017, https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-over...tional-origin/.

19. Dennis V. Damp. 2008. The Book of U.S. Government Jobs: Where They Are, What’s Available, & How to Get One. McKees Rocks, PA: Bookhaven Press, 30.

20. Lisa Rein, “For federal-worker hopefuls, the civil service exam is making a comeback,” Washington Post, 2 April 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/...ng-a-comeback/.

21. https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-over...neral-Policies (May 16, 2016).

22. Susan J. Hekman. 1983. “Weber’s Ideal Type: A Contemporary Reassessment”. Polity 16 No. 1: 119–37.

23. "Processing Times," Travel.State.Gov: U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Consular Affairs, June 2021, https://travel.state.gov/content/tra...ing-times.html.

24. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables, https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical-tables/ (June 1, 2021).

25. A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935).

26. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/436.htm (June 6, 2016).

27. Who Is Louis DeJoy? U.S. Postmaster General In Spotlight Ahead Of 2020 Election," NPR's Morning Edition, 21 August 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/08/21/90434...itical-motives.

28. Lucy Tompkins, “Who Is Postmaster General Louis DeJoy?” New York Times, 3 June 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/article/gene...ostmaster.html.

29. David C. Nice. 1998. Amtrak: the history and politics of a national railroad. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

30. James L. Perry. 1996. “Measuring Public Service Motivation: An Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6, No. 1: 5–22.

31. Kenneth H. Ashworth. 2001. Caught Between the Dog and the Fireplug, or, How to Survive Public Service. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

32. Philip J. Harter. 1982. “Negotiating Regulations: A Cure for Malaise,” Georgetown Law Journal, 71, No. 1.

33. https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/audit...01310053fr.pdf (May 1, 2016).

34. http://www.gao.gov/ (May 1, 2016).

35. http://www.gao.gov/about/products/ab...o-reports.html (May 1, 2016).

36. https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb (May 1, 2016).

37. Sylvan Lane. 12 December 2018. "Consumer Bureau Morale Plummeted under Mulvaney: Report." The Hill. https://thehill.com/policy/finance/4...vaney-analysis.

38. Adam Edelman, "'A cop on the beat again': Biden looks to reassert consumer watchdog agency sidelined by Trump," NBC News, 23 March 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/whi...lined-n1261586.

39. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/552; https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUT...-90-Pg1241.pdf (June 6, 2016).

40. www.foia.gov (May 1, 2016).

41. http://www.foreffectivegov.org/acces...corecard-2015/ (May 1, 2016).

42. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/w.../history2.html (June 16, 2016).

43. Kevin R. Kosar. “Privatization and the Federal Government: An Introduction,” CRS Report for Congress, December 28, 2006. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33777.pdf (June 16, 2016).

44. https://www.salliemae.com/about/who-we-are/history/ (June 16, 2016).

45. Federal Student Loan Repayment Info," Sallie Mae, 20 June 2017.

46. James Risen, “Controversial Contractors Iraq Works is Split Up,” New York Times, 24 May 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/24/wo...4contract.html (June 16, 2016).

47. Alan K. Campbell. 1978. “Civil Service Reform: A New Commitment.” Public Administration Review 38 No. 2, 99.

48. Campbell, “Civil Service Reform,” 100.