2: Research and Ethics in Abnormal Psychology
- Page ID
- 219747
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 2.1: Why It Matters- Psychological Research
- This page emphasizes the importance of research and ethics in abnormal psychology to validate beliefs about mental health. Personal experiences may influence understanding, but objective research is vital for confirming claims. The page notes the potential biases in popular media, underscoring the need for thorough investigation through methods like case studies and experimentation.
- 2.2: Introduction to Research
- This page outlines various research methodologies for studying abnormal behavior, focusing on the significance of objectivity. It explains descriptive methods like case studies and observations, correlational research for identifying patterns, and experimental research for establishing cause-and-effect relationships. The text underscores the importance of the scientific method in comprehensively understanding and treating mental disorders.
- 2.3: The Scientific Process
- This page explains the use of the scientific method in psychology to study behavior and mental processes through empirical evidence, contrasting it with intuition. It outlines the steps of defining questions, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions, which standardize research. Key principles highlighted are verifiability, predictability, falsifiability, and fairness.
- 2.4: Descriptive Research and Case Studies
- This page discusses the significance of descriptive research methods—case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys—in understanding abnormal behavior. These methods generate hypotheses and provide insights despite limitations such as generalizability and biases. Naturalistic observation enhances ecological validity but can be affected by observer bias, while surveys can quickly gather data but may face issues with self-report accuracy.
- 2.5: Descriptive and Epidemiological Research
- This page outlines important research methodologies in abnormal psychology, including archival, longitudinal, cross-sectional, and epidemiological studies. Archival research identifies patterns but has biases; longitudinal studies track individuals over time, providing deep insights but requiring extensive resources; cross-sectional studies compare populations, influenced by generational factors.
- 2.6: Correlational Research
- This page explains the distinction between correlation and causation in research, particularly in abnormal behavior studies. It outlines how correlation coefficients indicate the relationship between variables while emphasizing that correlation does not imply causation due to potential confounding variables.
- 2.7: Experiments
- This page explores the experimental process in abnormal psychology, highlighting its importance in establishing cause-and-effect relationships through scientific methods. It covers key concepts like hypothesis formulation, experimental design, and the distinctions between true and quasi-experimental studies. Essential components include independent and dependent variables, control and experimental groups, as well as the impacts of biases and placebo conditions.
- 2.8: Understanding Research
- This page discusses key concepts in psychological research, focusing on the importance of reliability and validity in data measurement. It explains how statistical analysis aids in interpreting experimental findings and highlights peer review as a vital quality control measure. The text also addresses the balance between internal and external validity, and the relevance of ecological validity in real-world research.
- 2.9: Introduction to Ethics in Abnormal Psychology
- This page discusses ethical standards in abnormal psychology, highlighting research practices for studying abnormal behavior. It also addresses forensic issues, particularly the implications of pleading insanity and its relationship to mental illness understanding.
- 2.10: Ethics in Research
- This page discusses the ethical considerations in research involving human and animal subjects, emphasizing the necessity of ethical guidelines like informed consent and institutional review processes (IRB for humans, IACUC for animals). It underlines the importance of understanding risks for participants and minimizing harm to animals, while reflecting on historical violations that underline the need for continued ethical oversight in research.
- 2.11: Standards and Competencies in Psychology
- This page reviews the APA's Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct, highlighting the necessity for ethical standards in psychology due to historical breaches, particularly regarding conversion therapy. Key principles include beneficence, fidelity, integrity, justice, and respect for individuals' rights.
- 2.12: Ethical Standards in Clinical Psychology
- This page discusses the ethical standards guiding psychologists, including competence, confidentiality, informed consent, and professional relationships. It emphasizes the importance of these standards for client welfare and professional integrity, highlighting aspects such as resolving ethical issues, cultural competence, and the therapeutic relationship's impact on client progress.
- 2.13: Legal and Forensic Issues in Abnormal Psychology
- This page explores the ethical dilemmas in mental health care, focusing on the right to refuse treatment, informed consent, and legal standards like the insanity defense and competency to stand trial. It highlights notable cases, including Tarasoff and O’Connor v. Donaldson, which address the rights of individuals with mental illness and public safety concerns.
- 2.14: Putting It Together- Psychological Research
- This page discusses how psychologists use the scientific method to explore human behavior and mental processes through various research designs, including case studies, observations, surveys, and experiments. It highlights examples like Ted Bundy's case study, research on nonverbal children with autism, and a longitudinal study on media violence and aggression. The text underscores the need for diverse methodologies to gain a thorough understanding of psychological phenomena.