14: Psychopathology
- Page ID
- 333115
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 14.1: Introduction to Psychopathology
- This page introduces psychopathology, emphasizing its significance in comprehending psychological disorders. It covers diagnosing and classifying disorders, various perspectives, and specific conditions like schizophrenia, mood, and anxiety disorders. A narrative featuring Esmé, a university student dealing with mental health challenges, illustrates the daily impact of these disorders and the importance of recognizing concerning behaviors.
- 14.2: What are Psychological Disorders?
- This page discusses psychological disorders, characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, challenging to define due to variations in normality versus abnormality. Key criteria include atypicality, distress, dysfunction, and danger, which can be influenced by cultural context. The harmful dysfunction model asserts that these disorders stem from internal mechanism failures causing harmful outcomes.
- 14.3: Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders
- This page explores the vital importance of the DSM-5 in diagnosing psychological disorders, emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis to ensure effective treatment. It discusses issues like comorbidity and historical changes in the DSM, along with criticisms of its potential over-pathologizing.
- 14.4: Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
- This page explores the evolution of perspectives on psychological disorders, transitioning from historical supernatural explanations to modern biological and psychological approaches. It emphasizes the role of genetic, chemical, and brain factors in mental illness and introduces the diathesis-stress model, which combines these elements.
- 14.5: Neurodiversity
- This page explores neurodiversity, highlighting ADHD and autism as natural variations rather than disorders. It delves into ADHD characteristics, emphasizing hyperactivity, impulsivity, executive function impairments, and treatment options including medication and therapy. The discussion extends to autism, detailing symptomatology, the spectrum concept, and the need for tailored mental health support.
- 14.6: Schizophrenia
- This page explores the biological mechanisms behind schizophrenia, emphasizing the role of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine imbalances that influence positive and negative symptoms. It addresses neurobiological abnormalities such as enlarged ventricles and reduced grey matter linked to cognitive issues, as well as environmental risks during pregnancy and marijuana use.
- 14.7: Mood Disorders
- This page examines mood disorders, focusing on major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. It defines symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and impacts on lives, including factors like gender and socioeconomic status. Key aspects include peripartum-onset depression and dysthymia.
- 14.8: Anxiety Disorders
- This page covers anxiety disorders, including specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). It highlights the prevalence, triggers, and behavioral patterns associated with these disorders. Social anxiety often leads to avoidance and self-medication, while panic disorder involves unexpected attacks linked to genetic and cognitive factors.
- 14.9: Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders
- This page covers obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, notably OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder, highlighting their disruptive thoughts and behaviors. It explains OCD's intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions, the genetic and brain structure influences, and the role of negative reinforcement in maintaining compulsive behaviors.
- 14.10: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- This page covers Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its symptoms, risk factors, and treatments. Initially recognized in military contexts, PTSD may manifest in intrusion, avoidance, cognitive changes, and arousal alterations. It highlights Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) and emphasizes social support in recovery, especially for frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19.
- 14.11: Dissociative Disorders
- This page discusses dissociative disorders, characterized by disconnection from self, affecting memory and identity due to psychological causes. The DSM-5 classifies these disorders into dissociative amnesia, which involves memory loss after trauma; depersonalization/derealization disorder, marked by self and reality detachment; and dissociative identity disorder (DID), involving multiple identities and associated with childhood trauma.
- 14.12: Personality Disorders
- This page covers the concept of personality disorders, defined as pervasive traits leading to distress and interpersonal issues, classified into three DSM-5 clusters. It focuses on borderline and antisocial personality disorders, detailing their characteristics, prevalence, and influencing factors. Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is highlighted for its disregard for others' rights and behaviors like deceit and aggression, predominantly affecting young males.
- 14.13: Neurodegenerative Diseases
- This page covers neurodegenerative diseases with a focus on Alzheimer's disease, detailing symptoms, diagnostic techniques, and risk factors, including environmental influences. It highlights Dr. Sultan Darvesh's research aimed at identifying unique biomarkers for early Alzheimer’s diagnosis and notes existing treatment options that alleviate symptoms.
- 14.14: Key Terms for Psychopathology
- This page discusses the language used to refer to autism, highlighting identity in neurodiversity, and defines key psychological terms related to various mental health disorders, including PTSD and ADHD. It explains different cognitive and emotional processes, contrasts medical and social models of disability, and outlines specific therapies like occupational and social skills training.
- 14.15: Summary for Psychological Disorders
- This page covers personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), highlighting their distinctive traits and origins. BPD is marked by emotional instability and tumultuous relationships, while ASPD features a disregard for others and impulsivity. Both disorders are influenced by genetic and environmental factors and show significant functional impairment. Treatment generally includes therapy and medication, but outcomes can vary.
- 14.16: Review Questions for Psychological Disorders
- This page provides review questions on psychological disorders, emphasizing definitions, classifications, and characteristics. It covers multiple-choice questions on the DSM-5, prevalence, and various disorders like PTSD and OCD, along with critical thinking and personal application questions to deepen understanding of the etiology, societal perspectives, and cultural contexts of these disorders.