8.7: End of Chapter Content

For Further Exploration

Beard, Chris. 2004. The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey: Unearthing the Origins of Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Begun, David R. 2010. “Miocene Hominids and the Origins of the African Apes and Humans.” Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 67–84.

Fleagle, John G. 2013. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. Third edition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Gebo, Daniel L., ed. 1993. Postcranial Adaptations in Nonhuman Primates. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

Godfrey, Laurie R., and William L. Jungers. 2002. “Quaternary Fossil Lemurs.” In The Primate Fossil Record, edited by Walter C. Hartwig, 97–121. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Godinot, Marc. 2006. “Lemuriform Origins as Viewed from the Fossil Record.” Folia Primatologica 77 (6): 446–464.

Kay, Richard F. 2018. “100 Years of Primate Paleontology.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165 (4): 652–676.

Marivaux, Laurent. 2006. “The Eosimiid and Amphipithecid Primates (Anthropoidea) from the Oligocene of the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan): New Insight into Early Higher Primate Evolution in South Asia.” Palaeovertebrata, Montpellier 34 (1–2): 29–109.

Martin, R. D. 1990. Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rose, Kenneth D., Marc Godinot, and Thomas M. Bown. 1994. “The Early Radiation of Euprimates and the Initial Diversification of Omomyidae.” In Anthropoid Origins: The Fossil Evidence, edited by John G. Fleagle and Richard F. Kay, 1–28. New York: Plenum Press.

Ross, Callum F. 1999. “How to Carry Out Functional Morphology.” Evolutionary Anthropology 7 (6): 217–222.

Seiffert, Erik R. 2012. “Early Primate Evolution in Afro-Arabia.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 21(6): 239–253.

Szalay, Frederic S., and Eric Delson. 1979. Evolutionary History of the Primates. New York: Academic Press.

Ungar, Peter S. 2002. “Reconstructing the Diets of Fossil Primates.” In Reconstructing Behavior in the Primate Fossil Record, edited by Joseph Plavcan, Richard F. Kay, William Jungers, and Carel P. van Schaik, 261–296. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

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Acknowledgments

We are immensely grateful to the editors of this book, Drs. Beth Shook, Lara Braff, Katie Nelson, and Kelsie Aguilera, for their time and commitment to making this knowledge freely accessible to all, and for giving us the opportunity to participate in this important project.

Image Description

Figure 8.2: A line diagram illustrates the many branches of, and probable relationships between, primates and their primate-like ancestors. Y axis lists time periods (bottom to top): Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene. Across the top are labeled extant primate groups (left to right): lorisiformes, lemuriformes, tarsiers, platyrrhines, cercopithecoids, apes.

From the bottom a vertical line emerges. It has three side branches in the Paleocene labeled Plesiadapiforms. From there it branches into a group labeled Adapoids during the Eocene and Oligocne. A disconnected side-branch leads further to groups of Omomyoids, Eosimiids, and Amphipithecids at roughly the same time period. Branches from Adapoids leads to Sivaladapids (Miocene) and Lorisiformes and Lemuriforms (present day). One disconnected branch connects Omomyoids to Tarsiers (present day). A disconnected branch from Eosimiids also leads to Tarsiers. Other disconnected branches from Eosimiids lead to Platyrrhines, Cercopithecoids, and Apes (all present day).

Figure 8.13: For the adapoid origin model, strepsirrhines, omomyoids, tarsiers, adapoids and anthropoids all share a common ancestor. Strepsirrhines were the first to diverge from the lineage leading to anthropoids, followed by omomyoids. Tarsiers diverged from the lineage leading to Omomyoids. Adapoids were the last to diverge from the lineage leading th anthropoids. For the tarsier origin model, strepsirrhines, omomyoids, tarsiers, adapoids and anthropoids similarly share a common ancestor. However in this model adapoids were the first to diverge from the lineage leading to anthropoids. Strepsirrhines later diverged from the adapoids. Then, omomyoids diverged from the lineage leading to anthropoids, followed by tarsiers. For the omomyoid origin model, like the tarsier model, adapoids first diverged and strepsirrhines later diverging from the lineage leading to adapoids. Omomyoids diverged after the adapoids. However, in this model tarsiers diverged from the lineage leading to omomyoids.