Key Terms
- Page ID
- 152651
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- accommodation
- adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known
- adolescence
- period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood
- adrenarche
- maturing of the adrenal glands
- advance directive
- a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants (see living will)
- assimilation
- adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known
- attachment
- long-standing connection or bond with others
- authoritarian parenting style
- parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
- authoritative parenting style
- parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view
- avoidant attachment
- characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves
- cognitive development
- domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
- cognitive empathy
- ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others
- conception
- when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote
- concrete operational stage
- third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events
- conservation
- idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed
- continuous development
- view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills
- critical (sensitive) period
- time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop
- developmental milestone
- approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events
- discontinuous development
- view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages
- disorganized attachment
- characterized by the child’s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused
- do not resuscitate (DNR)
- a legal document stating that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops, medical personnel such as doctors and nurses are not to take steps to revive or resuscitate the patient
- egocentrism
- preoperational child’s difficulty in taking the perspective of others
- embryo
- newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family
- emerging adulthood
- memories that are not part of our consciousness
- fine motor skills
- use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions
- formal operational stage
- final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
- gonadarche
- maturing of the sex glands
- gross motor skills
- use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements
- health care proxy
- a legal document that appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for a patient if they are unable to speak for themselves
- hospice
- service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting
- living will
- a written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants; may include health care proxy
- menarche
- beginning of menstrual period; around 12–13 years old
- mitosis
- process of cell division
- motor skills
- ability to move our body and manipulate objects
- nature
- genes and biology
- newborn reflexes
- inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with
- normative approach
- study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones
- nurture
- environment and culture
- object permanence
- idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
- permissive parenting style
- parents make few demands and rarely use punishment
- physical development
- domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
- placenta
- structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby
- prenatal care
- medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus
- preoperational stage
- second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically
- primary sexual characteristics
- organs specifically needed for reproduction
- psychosexual development
- process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life
- psychosocial development
- domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships
- psychosocial development
- process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood
- resistant attachment
- characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when they attempt to interact with the child
- reversibility
- principle that objects can be changed, but then returned back to their original form or condition
- schema
- (plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information
- secondary sexual characteristics
- physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs
- secure attachment
- characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore
- secure base
- parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as they explore their surroundings
- sensorimotor stage
- first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior
- socioemotional selectivity theory
- social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years
- spermarche
- first male ejaculation
- stage of moral reasoning
- process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development
- temperament
- innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
- teratogen
- biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus
- uninvolved parenting style
- parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands
- zygote
- structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placent