8.1: Development

Age Groups and Social-Emotional Development Overview

5-7 Years Old

Social Development: Children in this age group begin to form friendships and develop an understanding of social roles. They are often more cooperative and can share and take turns, although conflicts may arise as they learn to navigate social dynamics (Erikson, 1950).

Emotional Development: Emotional regulation improves, but children may still struggle with managing strong feelings. They often express their emotions openly and are learning to label their feelings more accurately.

Key Terminology:

• Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. At this age, children start to show empathy, such as comforting a friend who is upset.
• Social Play: Engaging in activities with peers helps develop social skills and emotional understanding.

Example

A 6-year-old might comfort a classmate who is crying, demonstrating emerging empathy and social awareness (Buckley & Budzyna, 2017).

7-9 Years Old

Social Development: Friendships become more significant and complex, often based on mutual interests and shared activities. Children start to understand the importance of teamwork and cooperation in group settings.

Emotional Development: Children in this age range begin to develop a greater awareness of their own emotions and those of others. They start to utilize strategies for emotional regulation, such as deep breathing or talking about their feelings.

Key Terminology:

• Cooperative Play: Play that involves collaboration and teamwork, which is crucial for developing social skills.
• Emotional Intelligence: The ability to recognize and manage one’s emotions and understand the emotions of others.

Example

A child might work with classmates on a project, demonstrating cooperative play and an understanding of teamwork (California Department of Education, 2000).

9-11 Years Old

Social Development: As children enter middle childhood, peer relationships take on increased importance. They begin to navigate more complex social hierarchies and may experience challenges related to group dynamics, such as exclusion or bullying.

Emotional Development: Emotional regulation continues to mature, with children becoming better equipped to handle frustration and disappointment. They start to form a clearer sense of identity and self-worth based on peer feedback.

Key Terminology:

• Peer Relationships: Connections with friends and classmates that influence social and emotional development.
• Self-Esteem: One's perception of their own worth, which can fluctuate based on social interactions.

Example

A 10-year-old may express feelings of frustration when excluded from a game, indicating an understanding of social dynamics and personal feelings (Buckley & Budzyna, 2017).

Puberty Age (Up to 12 Years)

Social Development: Approaching adolescence, children become more concerned with peer acceptance and social status. They often engage in more complex social interactions and may explore romantic feelings.

Emotional Development: Emotional fluctuations are common as hormonal changes impact mood. Children may experience heightened sensitivity to peer opinions and increased self-consciousness.

Key Terminology:

• Identity Formation: The process of developing a sense of self, influenced by social interactions and personal experiences.
• Adolescent Development: Refers to the transition phase where children begin to exhibit more mature social and emotional behaviors.

Example

A 12-year-old might seek validation from peers about their interests, showcasing the importance of social acceptance and identity formation (Erikson, 1950).