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- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/02%3A_Europe
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/05%3A_Middle_and_South_America/5.05%3A_Income_Inequality_in_Middle_and_South_AmericaAlthough income inequality in Middle and South America has fallen in recent years, this region remains by some measures the most unequal region in the world. Overall, the top 10 percent of people in L...Although income inequality in Middle and South America has fallen in recent years, this region remains by some measures the most unequal region in the world. Overall, the top 10 percent of people in Latin America control around 71 percent of the region’s wealth. If current trends continue, the top 1 percent will have amassed more wealth than the bottom 99 percent.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/06%3A_Sub-Saharan_Africa/6.05%3A_Economics_and_Globalization_in_Sub-Saharan_AfricaAlthough formal colonization of Africa ended by 1980, in many areas, it was replaced with neocolonialism, the practice of exerting economic rather than direct political control over territory. During ...Although formal colonization of Africa ended by 1980, in many areas, it was replaced with neocolonialism, the practice of exerting economic rather than direct political control over territory. During the colonial era, European groups formally controlled Africa’s resources and created export-oriented economies. Today, most of Sub-Saharan Africa’s exports remain raw materials. This makes the economies of countries in the region vulnerable to price fluctuations and global markets.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/07%3A_North_Africa_and_Southwest_Asia
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/01%3A_Introduction/1.02%3A_The_Spatial_PerspectiveIf you’re a geography student looking at a map of the entire world, a 1:50,000,000 scale map would be appropriate. “Large” scale and “small” scale refer to the ratio, not to the size of the landmass o...If you’re a geography student looking at a map of the entire world, a 1:50,000,000 scale map would be appropriate. “Large” scale and “small” scale refer to the ratio, not to the size of the landmass on the map. Diffusion refers to the spreading of something from one place to another, and might relate to the physical movement of people or the spread of disease, or the diffusion of ideas, technology, or other intangible phenomena.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/08%3A_South_Asia/8.05%3A_Future_Challenges_and_Opportunities_in_South_AsiaIndia’s male-skewed population pyramid is indicative of a larger issue of gender inequality in its society. Sexual violence in particular continues to be a significant issue. Although the percentage o...India’s male-skewed population pyramid is indicative of a larger issue of gender inequality in its society. Sexual violence in particular continues to be a significant issue. Although the percentage of women who have been raped in India is lower than in other countries, a majority of rape cases are never reported and even an incidence rate of 8 or 9 percent in a population of over 1 billion people means that tens of millions of women have been victimized.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/10%3A_Oceania/10.03%3A_Biogeography_in_Australia_and_the_PacificThe relative isolation of Oceania defines it as a region but has also contributed to perhaps its quirkiest characteristic: its distinctive wildlife. Biogeography is a branch of geography that explores...The relative isolation of Oceania defines it as a region but has also contributed to perhaps its quirkiest characteristic: its distinctive wildlife. Biogeography is a branch of geography that explores the spatial distribution of the world’s flora (plant life) and fauna (animal life). While every world region has its own, unique plants and animals, some of the creatures found in Australia and the Pacific are found nowhere else on Earth. A number of world regions have an impressive degree of biodi
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/07%3A_North_Africa_and_Southwest_Asia/7.04%3A_Conquest_in_North_Africa_and_Southwest_AsiaAfter Muhammad’s death, Arab military forces carried Islam across the region. At its greatest extent, the Islamic Empire under the Umayyad Caliphate of the 7th and 8th centuries stretched across 15 mi...After Muhammad’s death, Arab military forces carried Islam across the region. At its greatest extent, the Islamic Empire under the Umayyad Caliphate of the 7th and 8th centuries stretched across 15 million square kilometers (5.79 million square miles), from the Iberian Peninsula, the southwest corner of Europe containing Spain and Portugal, all the way across North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and into Pakistan. No empire would be larger until the Mongols in the 13th century.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/04%3A_North_America/4.04%3A_The_North_American_Urban_LandscapeNorth America’s urban landscape has been shaped both by colonization and by industrialization. Most of the early settlements in the region were small and were located close to the eastern coast. The A...North America’s urban landscape has been shaped both by colonization and by industrialization. Most of the early settlements in the region were small and were located close to the eastern coast. The Appalachian Mountains provided a formidable obstacle for early settlers before 1765. As settlement and colonization expanded, people moved steadily westward, still primarily situating close to waterways. Even today, most urban centers are located close to water.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/02%3A_Europe/2.01%3A_European_Physical_Geography_and_BoundariesTraditionally, the continent of “Europe” referred to the western extremity of the landmass known as Eurasia. Eurasia is a massive tectonic plate, so determining where exactly Europe ends and Asia begi...Traditionally, the continent of “Europe” referred to the western extremity of the landmass known as Eurasia. Eurasia is a massive tectonic plate, so determining where exactly Europe ends and Asia begins is difficult. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the North, the Atlantic Ocean and its seas to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea to the south. Europe’s eastern boundary is typically given as the Ural Mountains.
- https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geography_(Human)/World_Regional_Geography_(Finlayson)/04%3A_North_America/4.06%3A_North_America's_Global_ConnectionsNorth America continues to have a significant role in global trade and influence. Both Canada and the United States are members of the Group of Eight (G8), a political forum of the world’s leading ind...North America continues to have a significant role in global trade and influence. Both Canada and the United States are members of the Group of Eight (G8), a political forum of the world’s leading industrialized countries that also includes France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. Both are also members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), an intergovernmental organization that collectively regulates international trade.
