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1.1: Plato – Apology, 347 BC
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1.2: Pericles’ – Funeral Oration from the Peloponnesian War (Book 2.34-46), 431 BC
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1.3: Aristotle – The Politics Book 3 (Part I-XI)
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1.4: Alexis de Tocqueville — Selections from Democracy in America, 1831
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1.5: John Stuart Mill — Selections from Considerations on Representative Government, 1861
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1.6: Thomas Hobbes — Excerpts from Leviathan, 1651
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1.7: John Locke — Excerpts from A Letter on Toleration, 1989
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1.8: John Locke — Excerpts from Second Treatise of Government, 1690
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1.9: Adam Smith — Excerpts from The Wealth of Nations, 1776
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1.10: Immanuel Kant — “What is Enlightenment?”/ “Was ist Äufklarung?” 1784
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1.11: John Stuart Mill — Excerpts from On Liberty, 1859
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1.12: Edmund Burke — Excerpts from Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790
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Edmund Burke was an Irish statesman, journalist, and writer. His most famous work, Reflections on the Revolution in France, was written in the form of a letter to a French friend. Although Burke supported ideas and institutions would be later seen as central to conservative ideologies, he also took positions that many conservatives would have disavowed, including support of the American Revolution and Irish independence from Britain.
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1.13: Joseph de Maistre — Excerpts from Study on Sovereignty, 1794
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Joseph de Maistre was a French writer, philosopher, and diplomat. Caught up in the turmoil and chaos of the French Revolution in 1789, de Maistre turned to conservative ideas of monarchy and hierarchy.
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1.14: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – The Communist Manifesto, 1847
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Influential pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to serve as the platform for the Communist League. Became one of the principal revolutionary statements of the European socialist and communist parties in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
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1.15: Alfredo Rocco – Selections from The Political Doctrine of Fascism, 1925
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1.16: Mary Wollestonecraft – A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792
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1.17: Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848
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